This is the phenomenon in which a star that is so faint it is barely visible suddenly becomes several orders of magnitude brighter in a short period of time, but this does not mean that an entirely new star appears. A typical nova reaches a brightness tens of thousands of times its original brightness within a few days, and then slowly returns to its original brightness over the course of several months to years. Spectroscopic and photometric analysis have shown that this phenomenon is an explosion on the surface of a star. In other words, when the star brightens, the heat generated by the rapid thermonuclear fusion reaction of hydrogen beneath the surface of the star causes the star's atmosphere to expand like a balloon at a speed of over 1,000 kilometers per second. Once it has expanded sufficiently, it gradually becomes thinner and more transparent, cools, decreases in luminosity, and the surface of the small, high-temperature central star becomes visible. In the later stages of the dimming, a large amount of material ejected cools and forms interstellar dust, which emits strong infrared radiation. The cause of such a sudden thermonuclear fusion reaction of hydrogen on the surface is the rain of a new fuel layer containing hydrogen onto the surface of the primary white dwarf from a late-type star, which is the companion star in a close binary system. Nova explosions are thought to repeat on time scales ranging from 1000 years to several million years, depending on the mass accretion rate from the late-type star and the mass of the primary star. Some nova explosions occur every few decades, and are called recurrent novae. An explosion that occurs when the mass of a white dwarf increases due to the inflow of mass from the companion star and exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit mass is thought to be a Type Ia supernova. Several novae are discovered every year in the solar system and are thought to be a fairly common phenomenon in the stellar world. Novae are distinct from supernovae, which occur at the end of a stellar evolution, when the entire star becomes unstable and the entire star, or only part of its center, is blown away; they release an order of magnitude more energy than a nova and become hundreds of millions of times brighter. [Keiichi Kodaira and Hiroyasu Ando] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ほとんど見えないくらいに暗い恒星が、短期間にその光度を桁(けた)違いに増して明るくなる現象。ただし、まったく新しい星が出現するのではない。 通常の新星は数日の間に元の明るさの数万倍の明るさに達し、その後数か月から数年かけて緩やかに元の明るさに戻る。この現象が恒星表層での爆発現象であることは、分光・測光学的解析で知られている。つまり、増光時、恒星表層下での急激な水素の熱核融合反応によって生じた熱のために、恒星大気が秒速1000キロメートル以上の速さで風船のように膨張し、やがて十分に膨張するとしだいに希薄になって透明になり、冷えて光度が減少し、小さな高温の中心星の表面が見えだす。減光後期には大量に放出された物質が冷えて星間塵(じん)を形成し、強い赤外線を放射する。 このような表層での急激な水素の熱核融合反応のおこる原因は、近接連星系の伴星である晩期型星から主星の白色矮星(わいせい)の表面に水素を含む新しい燃料層が降り注ぐことにある。新星の爆発現象は、晩期型星からの質量降着率と主星の質量に応じて1000年から数百万年程度の時間スケールで繰り返されると考えられる。また、数十年ごとに新星爆発を繰り返すものもあって、回帰新星とよばれている。伴星からの質量流入のために白色矮星の質量が増えてチャンドラセカール限界質量を超えたときに起こる爆発現象はIa型超新星と考えられている。 新星は、太陽系周辺でも毎年、数個発見されており、恒星の世界ではごくありふれた現象と思われる。 新星は、超新星とは区別される。超新星は恒星進化の末期にあたって、恒星全体が不安定となり、星全体が、あるいは中心の一部を残して吹き飛ぶ大爆発現象であり、新星とは桁違いのエネルギーを放出し、増光の度合いも数億倍の明るさになる。 [小平桂一・安藤裕康] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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