Muslim Brotherhood - Muslim Brotherhood

Japanese: ムスリム同胞団 - ムスリムどうほうだん

An Egyptian Islamic movement group. It is also written as the Islamic Brotherhood. It was founded in 1928 in Egypt under British rule by Hasan al-Banna, who followed the ideological tradition of the modern Islamic reformist Muhammad Abduh. It advocated the practice of Islamic Sharia (law), namely social solidarity and the establishment of Islamic rule in society and the state. Hasan al-Banna expanded his support by carrying out volunteer activities such as establishing hospitals, forming labor unions, helping with job placements, and providing financial assistance to the poor. He also ran publishing, steel, and textile companies, and by the end of the 1940s it had grown into a huge organization with hundreds of thousands of members, with branches in Arab countries. In Egypt, it developed into the largest mass political movement in the 1940s, but in 1949 its founder, Hasan al-Banna, was assassinated, and the radical groups that went underground turned to guerilla activities, and the organization was repeatedly outlawed and legalized, leading to its fragmentation. The Brotherhood was outlawed again after the assassination attempt on Nasser in 1954, and lost influence under the Nasser regime (1956-1970). However, as Islamic revivalism grew in the Arab world, it regained influence and steadily engaged in legal political activities, winning its first seats in the People's Assembly elections under the Mubarak regime in 1984 through an alliance with other parties. It subsequently increased its number of seats, winning 88 seats in the 2005 election and becoming the largest opposition party, but the Mubarak regime intensified its repression, and it lost a large number of seats in subsequent elections. However, the Brotherhood had built a strong grassroots network that stretched from urban to rural areas, and in 2011, in the revolutionary situation that arose in the wake of the Arab Spring, it formed the Freedom and Justice Party, with the Muslim Brotherhood as its mother and Morsi as its leader, who ran in the May 2012 presidential election. He came in first in the first round of voting, and was elected in the runoff election, defeating Shafik (former prime minister). President Morsi put an end to the domestic turmoil that had followed the resignation of Mubarak, and initiated reforms to advance Egypt's democratization, including the transfer of power from the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to civilian rule and a balance between Islamic and secular forces. He abolished the interim constitution enacted by the military, dismissed military leaders, and enacted a new interim constitution that strengthened presidential powers. In November, he announced new provisions that further strengthened the president's powers, but was forced to withdraw them after anti-presidential forces launched protests across the country. In March 2013, a national referendum was held on a proposed constitutional amendment that included limits on the presidential term and expanded eligibility to run for office, and the proposal won 77% approval (41% voter turnout). He succeeded in laying the groundwork for a complete transfer of power to civilian rule. The Muslim Brotherhood, a moderate faction that advocates the practice of strict Sharia (Islamic law), and its ruling Freedom and Justice Party, which is its offspring, were viewed both at home and abroad as being unable to secure a stable political majority in Egypt, where secular Islam is strong. However, they were increasingly seen as quickly putting an end to the chaos in Egypt after the collapse of Mubarak's long-term dictatorship. However, on June 30, 2013, the first anniversary of President Morsi's inauguration, large-scale anti-Muslim Brotherhood demonstrations broke out across the country, and the situation took a sudden turn when the military intervened. The military dismissed President Morsi in a coup on July 3, bringing an abrupt end to Egypt's democratic revolution, which began with the Arab Spring, with the dismissal of the elected President Morsi by a military coup. President Morsi was detained by the military and arrested on charges of incitement to murder. In December 2013, the military government designated the Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist organization, officially outlawing it and launching a full crackdown. The military government has arrested leaders and sentenced them to death in court. Attention is focused on whether the Muslim Brotherhood will become more radical in response to the crackdown, and whether Egypt will become a further destabilizing factor in the Middle East situation. Some members of the Muslim Brotherhood are also said to have joined Islamic extremist organizations. Other Muslim Brotherhood-related organizations include the National Islamic Front (NIF) in Sudan, Hamas in Palestine, and the Islamic Group in Lebanon.
→ Related topics Islamic revivalism | Egypt | Egyptian revolution | Sayyid Qutb | Morsi

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

エジプトのイスラム運動団体。イスラム同胞団とも表記される。近代のイスラム改革運動家ムハンマド・アブドゥフの思想の流れに連なるハサン・アルバンナーが1928年にイギリス支配下のエジプトで結成。イスラムのシャリア（法）にもとづく実践，すなわち社会の連帯，および社会・国家におけるイスラム支配の確立を説いた。ハサン・アルバンナーは，病院設立，労組結成，就職斡旋，貧困者への金銭援助などの奉仕活動を展開し，人々の支持を拡げていった。出版，鉄鋼，繊維などの企業も経営し，1940年代末には数十万人の巨大組織に成長，アラブ諸国に支部が拡がった。エジプトでは1940年代に最大の大衆政治運動に発展したが，1949年には創始者ハサン・アルバンナーが暗殺され，地下組織化した過激グループはゲリラ活動に転換し，非合法化・合法化がくりかえされて組織は分裂状態に陥った。1954年のナセル暗殺未遂事件で再び非合法化され，ナセル政権下（1956-1970）で影響力を失っていたが，その後アラブ世界でイスラム復興運動が高まるなか，ふたたび影響力を増して，合法的な政治活動を着実に進め，1984年，ムバーラク政権下の人民議会選挙で他党との連合によって初めて議席を獲得。その後議席数を増やし，2005年の選挙では88議席を獲得，最大野党となったが，ムバーラク政権は弾圧を強め，その後の選挙では大幅に議席を減らした。しかし同胞団は都市部から農村部まで張り巡らされた強固な草の根ネットワークを築いており，2011年，〈アラブの春〉をきっかけに生じた革命的な状況で，ムスリム同胞団を母胎として，モルシを党首に自由と公正党を結成，モルシは，2012年５月の大統領選に立候補。第１回目投票で１位となり，決選投票で，シャフィーク（元首相）を破って当選した。モルシ大統領は，ムバーラク退陣以降の国内混乱を収拾し軍最高評議会からの民政移管と，イスラム勢力と世俗勢力のバランスを必須とするエジプトの民主化を前進させる改革に着手，軍が制定した暫定憲法を破棄し軍幹部を解任，大統領権限を強化する新たな暫定憲法を制定した。11月にはさらなる権限強化となる新条項を発表，これに対して反大統領派が各地で抗議活動を展開したため撤回を余儀なくされたが，2013年３月，大統領任期の制限や立候補資格の拡大などを盛り込んだ憲法改正案の国民投票で賛成77％（投票率41％）を獲得。完全な民政移管のレールを敷くことに成功した。穏健派とはいえ厳格なシャリア（イスラム法）の実践を唱えるムスリム同胞団と，それを母胎とする政権与党の自由と公正党は，世俗イスラムの勢力が強いエジプトで安定的な政治的多数を獲得できないという見方は内外に根強く存在したが，ムバーラク長期独裁政権崩壊後のエジプトの混乱を早期に収拾しつつあるという評価が高まっていた。しかし，2013年６月30日のモルシ大統領就任１周年を機に，全国各地で大規模な反ムスリム同胞団の民衆デモが発生したのに応じ，国軍が介入して事態は急転。軍は７月３日クーデターでモルシ大統領を解任，〈アラブの春〉に始まるエジプトの民主革命は，選挙によって選出されたモルシ大統領が軍のクーデターによって解任される，というあっけない幕切れとなった。モルシ大統領は軍に拘束され，〈殺人扇動罪〉で逮捕された。軍事政権は2013年12月ムスリム同胞団をテロ組織に指定，正式に非合法化し，徹底弾圧に乗り出した。軍事政権による幹部の逮捕，裁判での死刑判決が相次いでいる。ムスリム同胞団が弾圧に抗して過激化し，エジプトが中東情勢のさらなる不安定要因となるか注目されている。ムスリム同胞団の一部はイスラム過激派組織と合流しているともされる。ムスリム同胞団系の組織には，他にスーダンの〈民族イスラム戦線〉（NIF），パレスチナのハマース，レバノンの〈イスラム集団〉などがある。
→関連項目イスラム復興運動｜エジプト｜エジプト革命｜サイイド・クトゥブ｜モルシ

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