A type of igneous deposit, formed by underground high-temperature aqueous solutions called hydrothermal fluids. Also called hydrothermal deposits. Normal magma dissolves volatile components (water, carbon dioxide, halogen gas, etc.) at a rate of several percent (by weight) at most, but igneous rocks formed by cooling and solidifying magma cannot contain many volatile components. As a result, a large amount of volatile substances is released along with heat as magma cools and solidifies. These become fluids (hydrothermal fluids) mainly composed of water, dissolving various metals and nonmetallic elements, and as they move toward the surface and cool, useful minerals precipitate, forming hydrothermal deposits. Research on the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes that make up hydrothermal fluids has progressed, and it has become clear that hydrothermal fluids are not always released from magma, but can also be surface water that has penetrated deep underground or water squeezed out of sediments that has been heated by magma activity. It is thought that such hydrothermal fluids, along with the hydrothermal fluids released from magma, play an important role in the formation of hydrothermal deposits. In hydrothermal deposits, minerals containing a variety of metals and non-metals are precipitated, including tin, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver, manganese, antimony, bismuth, mercury, uranium, and fluorite (mainly calcium fluoride, used primarily in steelmaking, but also as a refining material for the glass industry). Underground, they form vein deposits, disseminated deposits, and replacement deposits, but when hydrothermal water overflows onto the seafloor, they become lump deposits like kuroko deposits, and they come in a variety of forms and sizes. They are one of the most important types of metal resources. [Hidehiko Shimazaki] [References] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
火成鉱床の一種で、熱水とよばれる地下の高温の水溶液により形成される鉱床。熱水性鉱床ともいう。通常のマグマは、多い場合には数(重量)%程度の揮発性成分(水や炭酸ガス、ハロゲンガスなど)を溶解しているが、マグマが冷却し固結してできる火成岩は、あまり揮発性成分を含むことができない。このためマグマの冷却・固結に伴って大量の揮発性物質が熱とともに放出される。それらは水を主とする流体(熱水)となり、種々の金属、非金属元素を溶解し、地表に向かって移動、冷却するにしたがって有用鉱物を沈殿させて熱水鉱床を形成する。熱水を構成している水素と酸素の同位体についての研究が進み、熱水はかならずしもマグマから放出されたものばかりではなく、地下深く入り込んだ地表水や、堆積(たいせき)物から絞り出された水などが、マグマ活動により暖められたものもあることがわかってきた。このような熱水も、マグマから放出される熱水とともに、熱水鉱床の形成に重要な役割を果たしていると考えられる。 熱水鉱床には、錫(すず)、タングステン、モリブデン、銅、亜鉛、鉛、金、銀、マンガン、アンチモン、ビスマス、水銀、ウラン、蛍石(ほたるいし)(主成分はフッ化カルシウム、用途は製鉄が主で、ほかにガラス工業用の精錬原料)など多様な金属や非金属を含む鉱物が沈殿する。地下では鉱脈鉱床、鉱染鉱床、交代鉱床などになるが、熱水が海底面上にあふれ出ると黒鉱鉱床のような塊状鉱床となるなど形態もさまざまで、規模も大小の変化に富む。金属資源としてもっとも重要なタイプの一つ。 [島崎英彦] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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