It is the act of estimating the future or things about which the truth is not yet fully understood, based on the evidence at hand. However, in such cases, it is often the case that it relies on intuitive leaps, and is not usually considered a typical example of reasoning. Since it is considered typical to be something whose correctness can be shown by argument, the argument itself is sometimes called "inference". For example, in traditional logic, an argument that transforms only one judgment to reach a conclusion is called "direct inference", and a syllogism that derives a conclusion based on two judgments is called "indirect inference". Inferences made by natural scientists and others based on experimental results and existing theories are often partially justified by arguments, but they cannot be completely rewritten into arguments and often contain logical leaps. This type of reasoning is called "inductive inference", and some of it has been formulated using statistics. [Yoshida Natsuhiko] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
手元にある証拠をもとにして、未来のこと、あるいはまだ真相がよくわかっていないことなどを推し量ること。だが、その際、直観的な飛躍に頼ることが多いものは、普通、推理の典型的なものとは考えられない。論証によってその正しさを示すことができるものが代表的なものとされるので、ときには、論証そのものを「推理」とよぶことがある。たとえば、伝統的論理学では、ただ一個の判断を変形して結論を得る論証を「直接推理」、二個の判断を前提として結論を導き出す三段論法を「間接推理」とよんでいる。自然科学者などが、実験的な結果と、既存の理論をもとにして行う推理は、部分的に、論証によって正当化できることも多いが、完全には論証に書き換えることができず、論理的には飛躍を含んでいることも多い。こういった推理は「帰納的推理」とよばれ、その一部は統計学によって定式化されている。 [吉田夏彦] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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