Nuremberg - Nürnberg (English spelling)

Japanese: ニュルンベルク - にゅるんべるく（英語表記）Nürnberg

A city in Bavaria, southeastern Germany. It is located on both sides of the Pegnitz River. With a population of 493,400 (2002), it is the second largest city in the state after Munich, the state capital. It is also one of the leading industrial cities in southern Germany, and in addition to its traditional metal industry, it is also active in the manufacture of machinery, precision machinery, optical and electrical products, toys, and stationery. Industrial and residential areas have expanded to the surrounding areas, forming a single economic space together with Erlangen and Fürth. As it was an imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, the city center is surrounded by a wall, and historical buildings such as the reconstructed castle (11th to 16th centuries) and St. Lorenz Church (14th to 15th centuries) have been preserved. There are also many famous places and historical sites related to poet Sachs, painter Dürer, sculptor Kraft, and Beheim, who created the world's first globe, who were active here. It is also a cultural center, with a university, a normal school, an academy of plastic arts, and an academy of applied technology.

[Hideya Ishii]

history

The beginning of the city's development was when Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II established a royal palace in the first half of the 11th century. The city steadily developed its functions, including the establishment of an imperial mint and market rights (1062), and the establishment of a customs office (1112). In 1219, Emperor Frederick II's charter confirmed Nuremberg's extensive privileges as an imperial city, such as minting coins and collecting customs duties. Charles IV's Golden Bull (1356) stipulated that the first imperial council of newly elected Holy Roman Emperors should be held in Nuremberg, making Nuremberg a politically important city. During the economic prosperity of southern Germany at the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period, during the so-called Fugger era (15th and 16th centuries), Nuremberg played an important role alongside Augsburg, and Saxe and Dürer were also active during this period. After the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), the city's economy went into decline, but from the 19th century onwards, it was reborn as an industrial city. During the Nazi era, the party held annual rallies here and, as a result, the International Military Tribunal for war criminals after the Second World War was held here.

[Shosuke Hirajo]

[Reference] | International Military Tribunal

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツ南東部、バイエルン州の都市。ペグニッツ川の両岸に発達する。人口49万3400（2002）で、州都ミュンヘンに次ぐ同州第二の都市。また南ドイツ有数の工業都市で、伝統のある金属工業のほか、機械、精密機械、光学・電気製品、玩具(がんぐ)、文具などの製造が盛んである。工業・住宅地区が周辺に拡大し、エルランゲン、フュルトとともに一つの経済空間を形成している。神聖ローマの帝国都市であったため、中心市街は城壁で囲まれ、再建された城（11～16世紀）や聖ローレンツ教会（14～15世紀）など、歴史的建造物が保存されている。また、この地で活躍した詩人ザックス、画家デューラー、彫刻家クラフトや、世界最初の地球儀をつくったベハイムらのゆかりの名所・旧跡も多い。大学、師範大学、造形美術アカデミー、応用技術アカデミーなどがあり、文化の中心地ともなっている。

［石井英也］

歴史

11世紀前半、神聖ローマ皇帝コンラート2世が王宮を開いたのが発展の始まりで、帝国貨幣鋳造所の設置と市場開設権の賦与（1062）、関税徴収所の設置（1112）など、着々と都市の機能を整えていった。1219年皇帝フリードリヒ2世の特許状により、帝国都市として貨幣鋳造、関税の徴収などの大幅な特権が確認された。カール4世の「金印勅書」（1356）により、新たに選出される歴代の神聖ローマ皇帝は最初の帝国会議をニュルンベルクで開催すべきことが規定され、政治的にも重要な都市となった。中世末・近世初頭の南ドイツの経済的繁栄期、いわゆるフッガー家の時代（15、16世紀）には、アウクスブルクと並んで重要な役割を演じ、ザックスやデューラーらもこの時期に活躍した。三十年戦争（1618～48）以降、経済的には下り坂になるが、19世紀以降、工業都市として再生する。ナチス時代、この地で毎年党大会が開かれ、その関係で第二次世界大戦後の戦争犯罪人に対する国際軍事裁判がここでなされた。

［平城照介］

[参照項目] | 国際軍事裁判

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

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