A gland that secretes milk and is found only in vertebrate mammals. It is a type of skin gland that evolved from sweat glands. It is found in both sexes, but in male fetuses, its development is inhibited and degenerates in the early stages of development due to the male hormone secreted by the testes. In most mammals, the mammary glands are branched like tree branches, with their bases opening on protuberances called nipples. The platypus, the lowest mammalian monotreme, has a pair of mammary glands on each side of the body and no nipples. When nursing, the female lies on her back and the baby licks the milk that oozes out from a simple hole. The mammary glands of other monotreme animals are located in a slightly depressed milk pouch, which is further developed into the pouch of marsupials. The development of the milk ducts is due to female hormones, growth hormones, and adrenal cortical hormones, but lactation-stimulating hormones are also required for the development of the terminal part that produces milk, called the terminal follicle. During pregnancy, a large amount of female hormones are secreted, causing the mammary glands to develop significantly, and immediately after parturition, the lactation-stimulating hormone increases, which causes milk to be secreted. Milk is released when the sucking stimulus of the baby on the nipple is transmitted to the central nervous system, secreting the neurotrophic hormone oxytocin, which causes the muscles around the terminal follicle to contract. [Takao Mori] Mammary gland in humansIn humans, it is a type of skin gland that secretes milk and develops in mature women. The mammary gland is a collection of mammary lobes surrounded by dense connective tissue and abundant adipose tissue. There are 15 to 20 mammary lobes in one breast, and one milk duct emerges from each lobe. The diameter of this milk duct is 2 to 4 millimeters, and each milk duct opens into the nipple through a spindle-shaped lactiferous sinus. The diameter of the lactiferous sinus is 5 to 8 millimeters. The mammary lobes are further divided into mammary lobules, which are composed of acini with a complex alveolar gland structure. The acini are a collection of acinar cells. In unmarried women, these acini are small and filled with acinar cells, and do not have a glandular cavity, but during pregnancy, the acinar cells grow larger, the acini themselves become enlarged, and the glandular cavity expands in the center of the acini. By the 7th or 8th month of pregnancy, secretory granules and lipid droplets can be seen in the acinar cell bodies. Immediately after birth, milk, or colostrum, is yellowish-white in color and rich in protein (lactoprotein), and contains a large amount of immunoglobulin. In addition, lymphocytes and plasma cells are found in the glandular cavity during the final stages of pregnancy, and fat globules are contained within the cell bodies. These are called colostrum corpuscles. However, after a few days after birth, the number of colostrum corpuscles decreases, and milk rich in lipids is secreted. One month after birth, the composition of milk becomes constant, becoming pure white or pale bluish-white. Acinar cells secrete proteins and fats, and the color and components of milk are also produced by acinar cells based on substances in the blood. During the resting period of the mammary gland, the acini atrophy, and the interstitial connective tissue of the mammary lobule increases. In old age, the acini atrophy and disappear, and are replaced by connective tissue. [Kazuyo Shimai] [Reference] |©Shogakukan "> Breast Structure Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
脊椎(せきつい)動物の哺乳(ほにゅう)類だけにある乳汁を分泌する腺。皮膚腺の一種で、汗腺から進化したものである。雌雄にあるが、発生の初期段階で雄胎児ではその精巣が分泌する雄性ホルモンによって発達を阻止され退化してしまう。多くの哺乳類の乳腺はちょうど木の枝のように乳管が分枝しており、根元が乳頭という隆起の上に開口している。最下等の哺乳類である単孔類のカモノハシの乳腺は体の左右に1対あって乳頭はなく、哺乳するとき雌親はあおむけに寝て、子は単純な穴からにじみ出る乳をなめる。同じ単孔類に属する他の動物の乳腺はややへこんだ乳嚢(にゅうのう)の中にあり、これがさらに発達したものが有袋類の育児嚢である。乳管の発達は雌性ホルモン、成長ホルモン、副腎皮質(ふくじんひしつ)ホルモンなどによるが、終胞という乳汁を生産する末端部の発達にはさらに泌乳刺激ホルモンが必要である。妊娠すると雌性ホルモンが多量に分泌されて乳腺は著しく発育し、分娩(ぶんべん)直後には泌乳刺激ホルモンが増え、その作用で乳汁の分泌がおこる。乳汁の射出は、子の乳頭に対する吸引刺激が中枢に伝わり、神経葉(よう)ホルモンのオキシトシンが分泌され、これが終胞の周りの筋肉を収縮させることによりおこる。 [守 隆夫] ヒトにおける乳腺ヒトの場合、乳汁を分泌する皮膚腺の一種で、成熟女性に発達する。乳腺は、緻密(ちみつ)な結合組織と豊富な脂肪組織に包まれた乳腺葉の集合体である。乳腺葉は1個の乳房に15~20個あり、1個の乳腺葉からは1本の乳管が出ている。この乳管の太さは2~4ミリメートルで、各乳管は、紡錘状に広がった乳管洞を経て乳頭(乳首(ちくび))に開口する。乳管洞の直径は5~8ミリメートルである。乳腺葉はさらに乳腺小葉に分けられるが、乳腺小葉は複合胞状腺構造をもつ腺房から構成されている。腺房は腺房細胞の集合体である。この腺房は、未婚女性では腺房細胞が充満しているだけで小さく、腺腔(せんくう)も存在しないが、妊娠すると腺房細胞が大きくなり、腺房自体も肥大して腺房の中心に腺腔が広がる。妊娠7~8か月になると、腺房細胞体内に分泌顆粒(かりゅう)、脂肪小滴などがみられる。 分娩(ぶんべん)直後の乳汁、つまり初乳は帯黄白色でタンパク質(ラクトプロテイン)に富み、多量の免疫グロブリンを含んでいる。また、妊娠末期には腺腔内にリンパ球、形質細胞などがみられ、その細胞体内には脂肪小球などが含まれている。これらを初乳小体とよぶ。しかし、産後数日たつと初乳小体も減り、脂質に富んだ乳の分泌となる。産後1か月後には乳汁の組成も一定となり、純白または淡青白色となる。腺房細胞はタンパク質と脂肪を分泌するが、乳汁の色とその成分も腺房細胞によって血液中の物質を基にして生産されたものである。乳腺の休止期には腺房は萎縮(いしゅく)し、乳腺小葉の間質結合組織が多くなる。老年期になると腺房は萎縮、消失し、結合組織にかわる。 [嶋井和世] [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> 乳房の構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Registration of marriage - Nyuuseki
An imperial princess or queen who served Kamigamo...
One of the Six Protectorates, border governing bo...
An epic poem by Italian poet MM Boiardo. It consis...
...Despite opposition from the conservative facti...
...The broad subdivisions are as follows (all num...
A female dance seen in Islamic cultures from Weste...
A type of clothing worn by nobles. It is in the f...
A city in the north of Karnataka state in southwes...
There are subjective and objective abnormalities, ...
A heating device used as a small heat source. Alc...
Usually referred to as an AE, this is a unique job...
This is a letter that Zhuge Kongming, the chancell...
...Inusenburi (O. diluta (Turcz.) Ledeb.var. tosa...
〘Noun〙① A type of ship built mainly in the Ise reg...
A nomadic Turkic tribe in the Azerbaijan region of...