The replacement of hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms of organic compounds with nitro groups -NO 2. This is also called nitro substitution. Aliphatic primary and secondary nitroalkanes can be obtained by reacting primary and secondary alkyl iodides with silver nitrite or sodium nitrite, respectively, in dimethylformamide (DMF). The reaction to synthesize secondary nitroalkanes produces about 40% isomeric nitrite esters as by-products, but these can be easily removed by taking advantage of the difference in boiling points and the fact that esters are more susceptible to hydrolysis. The by-product of nitrite esters can be avoided by saturating anion exchange resin with nitrous acid and reacting it with alkyl iodide. Secondary nitroalkanes can also be synthesized by heating α-halogenocarboxylic acids with alkali nitrite.
Various nitrating agents are used to nitrate the aromatic rings of aromatic compounds ( ).All nitrating agents are believed to generate nitronium ions in the reaction system.
[Kaji Aritsugu and Hirota Masaru, March 19, 2015] ©Shogakukan "> Major nitrating agents [Table] ©Shogakukan "> Nitration of benzene (aromatic nitration reaction) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
有機化合物の炭素原子に結合している水素原子をニトロ基-NO2で置換すること。ニトロ置換ともよばれる。脂肪族の第一および第二ニトロアルカンは、ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)中でそれぞれ第一および第二ヨウ化アルキルに亜硝酸銀または亜硝酸ナトリウムを作用させると得られる。第二ニトロアルカンを合成する反応では異性体の亜硝酸エステルを約40%副生するが、沸点の差およびエステルのほうが加水分解されやすいという性質の違いを利用して、容易に除去できる。陰イオン交換樹脂を亜硝酸で飽和し、これにヨウ化アルキルを作用させる方法により合成すれば、亜硝酸エステルの副生を避けることができる。第二ニトロアルカンは、α(アルファ)-ハロゲノカルボン酸を亜硝酸アルカリと加熱しても合成できる。
芳香族化合物の芳香環上のニトロ化には種々のニトロ化剤nitrating agentが用いられる( )。ニトロ化剤はすべて、反応系内でニトロニウムイオンを発生するものと考えられている。
[加治有恒・廣田 穰 2015年3月19日] ©Shogakukan"> おもなニトロ化剤〔表〕 ©Shogakukan"> ベンゼンのニトロ化(芳香族ニトロ化反応… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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