Mass defect

Japanese: 質量欠損 - しつりょうけっそん(英語表記)mass defect
Mass defect

The mass of an atomic nucleus consisting of Z protons and N neutrons is simply considered to be the sum of Z times the mass of a proton and N times the mass of a neutron, but in reality, precise measurements have revealed that it is lighter than that. This loss in mass is called mass defect. Apart from atomic nuclei with a very small number of nucleons, the average mass defect is just under 1% of the total mass of the atomic nucleus, but the fact that the mass of the entire substance is 1% less than the combined mass of the particles that make it up is significant. The cause of the mass defect is the strong force (nuclear force) that binds the nucleons together. The energy required to separate the nucleus into separate nucleons (binding energy) is equivalent to the mass defect. A large mass defect means a very strong bond. The nucleus of iron has the largest mass defect per nucleon. Nuclear fission, in which a nucleus breaks into two, occurs when this is more energetically stable. In other words, it actually occurs when the sum of the mass defects of the daughter nuclei after the split is greater than the mass defect (binding energy) of the parent nucleus. Nuclear fusion is the opposite. The difference in mass before and after nuclear fission or fusion, i.e., the released bond energy, becomes the kinetic energy of the particles produced by the fission, which becomes thermal energy on a macroscopic level. Thermal power generation uses the heat generated by burning oil or coal, but the kinetic energy generated by the chain reaction of nuclear fission is the energy source for nuclear power generation.

[Koji Bando and Toshio Motoba]

[Reference] | Nuclear force

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

Z個の陽子とN個の中性子とからなる原子核の質量は、単純には陽子質量のZ倍と中性子質量のN倍の和と考えられるが、実際に精密測定をしてみると、それよりも軽くなっている。この軽くなった分を質量欠損という。核子数の非常に少ない原子核は別として、平均的な質量欠損は原子核の全質量の1%弱であるが、物質全体の質量が構成される粒子の質量をあわせたものより1%も小さいという事実は重大である。質量欠損の原因は、核子を結び付けている強い力(核力)にある。原子核をばらばらの核子に引き離すために必要なエネルギー(結合エネルギー)と質量欠損とは等価である。大きい質量欠損は非常に強い結合を意味する。一核子当りの質量欠損がもっとも大きいのは、鉄の原子核である。原子核が二つに壊れる核分裂は、そのほうがエネルギー的に安定する場合におこる。すなわち、親原子核の質量欠損(結合エネルギー)よりも分裂後の娘原子核の質量欠損の和のほうが大きい場合に実際におこる。核融合はこの逆の場合である。核分裂あるいは核融合の前後における質量の差、すなわち解放された結合エネルギーは、分裂してできた粒子の運動エネルギーとなり、巨視的には熱エネルギーとなる。火力発電では石油や石炭の燃焼熱を用いているが、核分裂の連鎖反応によって生じた運動エネルギーの利用が原子力発電のエネルギー源である。

[坂東弘治・元場俊雄]

[参照項目] | 核力

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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