Field - Ta

Japanese: 田 - た

This refers to cultivated land for growing rice, especially land cultivated with wet rice. In Japan, paddy fields began to be created during the Yayoi period, and became the basis of land ownership and social structure. When paddy fields were first introduced, the technology for paddy fields was low, so they were mainly created on low, marshy land, but as civil engineering technology developed, they spread, and standardization of rice field size became common before the Taika Reforms. With the establishment of national power, a rice field system based on kubunden (rice fields divided by land area) was established under the Ritsuryo system, and rice fields were controlled nationwide under the jori system. From the end of the Nara period to the Heian period, land reclamation became popular, and with the emergence of the manor system, consolidation progressed based on myoden (rice fields with named fields). In the Kamakura period, double cropping was practiced, and from the Muromachi to Sengoku periods, productivity increased significantly with the improvement of agricultural tools and varieties, and the establishment of land ownership by small farmers. During the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods, a rice-based rice-lot land-based rice tax system was established, and under a social system based on the rice economy, the shogunate, feudal domains, and even townspeople developed new fields, which led to the Meiji period. After the Meiji period, consolidation progressed and the parasitic landlord system developed, but as a result of the agricultural land reforms after World War II, the number of self-cultivating farmers increased rapidly, and as the population grew, rice-reclamation techniques improved and the area expanded. Meanwhile, with the development of chemical fertilizers and advances in mechanization, production volume increased dramatically, but currently, the modernization of production structures and improvement of productivity are issues.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

稲を作付けする耕地，特に水稲耕作地をいう。日本では弥生時代から水田がつくられるようになり，土地所有，社会構造の基礎をなした。水稲伝来期の水田技術は低かったので，主として低湿地につくられたが，土木技術の発達とともに広がり，大化改新前代には田形の画一化も一般化し，国家権力の成立とともに，律令制のもとで口分田を基本とする田制も整備され，条里制によって全国的に把握された。奈良時代末期から平安時代にかけて開墾が盛んとなり，荘園制の生成とともに，名田 (みょうでん) を基本として集約化が進んだ。鎌倉時代には二毛作が行われ，室町～戦国時代には，農具や品種の改良，小農民の土地占有の成立などとともに生産力が大幅に増大した。安土桃山～江戸時代には，田地を基礎とする石高制が確立し，米経済を基礎とする社会体制のもとで幕府，藩，さらに町人による新田開発も進み，明治にいたった。明治以後集約化が進み，寄生地主制が発達したが，第2次世界大戦後の農地改革の結果，自作農が急増し，人口の増加とともに開田技術が進み面積も拡大されていった。一方，化学肥料の発達や機械化の進展とともに生産量が格段に伸びたが，現在は，生産構造の近代化，生産性の向上が問題となっている。

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