In a narrow sense, it refers to C-nitro compounds R-NO 2 (where R is a hydrocarbon group such as alkyl or aryl), and in a broad sense it includes not only C-nitro compounds but also N-nitro compounds (nitroamines) and O-nitro compounds (nitrate esters). [Mr. Hirota March 19, 2015] C-Nitro CompoundsThe term nitro compound, in the narrow sense, is a general term for C-nitro compounds in which a nitro group -NO2 is bonded to a carbon atom of an organic compound, and is an isomer of the nitrite ester R-ONO. Mononitro compounds with one nitro group are generally stable, and nitromethane and nitrobenzene can be distilled. However, compounds with two or more nitro groups are highly pyrophoric and explosive, so care must be taken when handling them. Nitro compounds are broadly divided into aliphatic nitro compounds ( ) and aromatic nitro compounds ( ).[Mr. Hirota March 19, 2015] Aliphatic Nitro CompoundsAliphatic primary and secondary nitro compounds are weakly acidic, and their alkali metal salts are soluble in water, but their heavy metal salts are insoluble and explosive. The anions of nitro compounds are ambident nucleophiles, and their reactive sites vary depending on the reagent with which they are reacted. When the reagent is an acid chloride, the oxygen site is acylated and then decomposed with concentrated sulfuric acid to give an aldehyde in the case of the first nitro compound and a ketone in the case of the second nitro compound (Neef reaction).
Aromatic Nitro CompoundsAromatic nitro compounds are mostly yellow crystals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The nitro group is tightly bonded and cannot be replaced by other groups except in special polynitro compounds, but they undergo reduction reactions relatively easily. They are easily reduced under acidic conditions to give amines, and by selecting the right reducing agent and reaction conditions, a variety of useful intermediate reduction products can be obtained, making them an important raw material industrially. Acidic reduction produces amines, while neutral reduction mainly produces hydroxylamines. Basic reduction produces azoxybenzenes, azobenzenes, and hydrazobenzenes ( ).2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which has three nitro groups on the benzene ring, is called TNT and is used as gunpowder because of its strong explosive power, and its manufacture and possession are restricted by the Explosives Control Law. Although ordinary consumers rarely use nitro compounds, examples include methyl parathion (insecticide) and chloramphenicol (antibiotic). [Kaji Aritsugu and Hirota Masaru, March 19, 2015] N-Nitro and O-Nitro CompoundsIn a broad sense, nitro compounds include not only the above-mentioned C-nitro compounds, but also nitramines, in which a nitro group is bonded to a nitrogen atom, and nitrate esters, in which a nitro group is bonded to an oxygen atom. In this case, nitro compounds in the narrow sense are called C-nitro compounds, nitroamines are called N-nitro compounds, and nitrate esters are called O-nitro compounds. O-nitro compounds are known to be important in explosives, medicines, and synthetic resins. Nitroglycerin (also known as glycerol 1,2,3-trinitrate) is a nitric acid ester of glycerin (glycerol), which is highly explosive and can be used as an explosive, but is also used medicinally to treat angina pectoris. Nitrocellulose (a nitrate ester of cellulose) is obtained by treating cellulose with nitric acid and is used in paints, celluloid, gunpowder (guncotton), etc. [Mr. Hirota March 19, 2015] [Reference] | | |©Shogakukan "> Aliphatic nitro compounds [Table 1] ©Shogakukan "> Aromatic nitro compounds [Table 2] ©Shogakukan "> Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds (Diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
狭義にはC-ニトロ化合物R-NO2(Rはアルキル、アリールなどの炭化水素基)をさし、広義にはC-ニトロ化合物のほかに、N-ニトロ化合物(ニトロアミン)、O-ニトロ化合物(硝酸エステル)を含める。 [廣田 穰 2015年3月19日] C-ニトロ化合物ニトロ化合物の名称は、狭義には有機化合物の炭素原子にニトロ基-NO2が結合しているC-ニトロ化合物の総称で、亜硝酸エステルR-ONOの異性体にあたる。 ニトロ基一つをもつモノニトロ化合物は一般に安定で、ニトロメタンやニトロベンゼンは蒸留することも可能である。しかし、二つ以上のニトロ基をもつものは自燃性が高く、爆発性のものが多いので取扱いには注意を要する。 ニトロ化合物は脂肪族ニトロ化合物( )と芳香族ニトロ化合物( )に大別される。[廣田 穰 2015年3月19日] 脂肪族ニトロ化合物脂肪族の第一、第二ニトロ化合物は弱酸性で、アルカリ金属塩は水溶性であるが、重金属塩は不溶で爆発性がある。ニトロ化合物のアニオン(陰イオン)はアンビデント求核剤ambident nucleophileで反応相手の試薬により反応部位が異なる。 試薬が酸塩化物の場合には酸素部位がアシル化され、さらに濃硫酸で分解されて、第一ニトロ化合物ではアルデヒド、第二ニトロ化合物ではケトンを与える(ネフ反応)。
芳香族ニトロ化合物芳香族ニトロ化合物は、大部分が水に不溶、有機溶媒に可溶の黄色結晶である。ニトロ基は強固に結合していて、特殊な多ニトロ体以外は、他の基で置換できないが、比較的容易に還元反応を受ける。酸性下では容易に還元されてアミンを与え、還元剤や反応条件を選べば、種々の有用な中間的還元生成物が得られるので、工業的にも重要な原料である。酸性還元ではアミンを生じ、中性還元では主としてヒドロキシルアミンを生ずる。塩基性還元によりアゾキシベンゼン、アゾベンゼン、ヒドラゾベンゼンが得られる( )。ベンゼン環に三つのニトロ基をもつ2,4,6-トリニトロトルエンはTNTとよばれ、爆発力が強いので火薬として用いられていて、その製造・所持は火薬類取締法により制限されている。普通の消費者がニトロ化合物を使用することは少ないが、メチルパラチオン(殺虫剤)やクロラムフェニコール(抗生物質)などの例がある。 [加治有恒・廣田 穰 2015年3月19日] N-ニトロ化合物とO-ニトロ化合物広義には、前述のC-ニトロ化合物だけでなく、窒素原子にニトロ基が結合しているニトロアミンや、酸素原子にニトロ基が結合している硝酸エステルを含めてニトロ化合物という。この場合、狭義のニトロ化合物をC-ニトロ化合物、ニトロアミンをN-ニトロ化合物、硝酸エステルをO-ニトロ化合物という。 O-ニトロ化合物には火薬・医薬・合成樹脂として重要なものが知られている。ニトログリセリン(別名グリセロール1,2,3-三硝酸エステル)はグリセリン(グリセロール)の硝酸エステルで、爆発性が強く爆薬にもなるが、医薬としては狭心症の治療に用いられている。セルロースを硝酸と処理すると得られるニトロセルロース(セルロースの硝酸エステル)は塗料・セルロイド・火薬(綿火薬)などに使われている。 [廣田 穰 2015年3月19日] [参照項目] | | | |©Shogakukan"> 脂肪族ニトロ化合物〔表1〕 ©Shogakukan"> 芳香族ニトロ化合物〔表2〕 ©Shogakukan"> 芳香族ニトロ化合物の還元〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Nitration - Nitoroka (English spelling) nitration
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