Sheffield - Sheffield (English spelling)

Japanese: シェフィールド - しぇふぃーるど(英語表記)Sheffield
Sheffield - Sheffield (English spelling)

An industrial city in the metropolitan county of South Yorkshire, central England, UK. It is located at the eastern foot of the Pennines. Population 513,234 (2001). It is about 55 km east of Manchester, at the point where the River Don (a tributary of the River Humber) joins the River Sheaf. Blessed by water transport, a settlement developed around the 7th century and became a commercial center. Iron smelting was carried out early on, but cutlery manufacturing became popular from the 14th century onwards, and since the 17th century it has almost monopolized cutlery production in the UK. Initially, steel was imported, but after the Industrial Revolution, steel production began using nearby coal and iron ore, and it became one of England's leading steel-producing cities. However, the steel industry then arose in various places, and by the mid-19th century, the nearby iron ore was depleted and iron ore had to be imported, so the focus shifted to the processing and production of high-quality steel, mainly for cutlery. During this time, the population, which was only a few tens of thousands in the early 19th century, rapidly increased to approximately 410,000 by 1901. Along the River Don, there are factories producing steel materials such as warships, tanks, guns, rails, and engines, as well as iron, brass, silver, optical instruments, and spinning mills, which contrast well with the beautiful, undulating natural scenery that spreads out in the suburbs. The city is home to a variety of cultural facilities, including the Ruskin Museum and the Mappin Art Gallery, as well as various museums, art galleries, libraries, theaters, and concert halls, and there are also many churches and hospitals. The University of Sheffield, founded in 1905, is one of the leading universities in the UK, with its medical and engineering faculties at its core, and in 1962 it opened a new center for Japanese studies. During World War II, the city was bombed by the German Air Force, causing great damage to the city center and the surrounding suburbs.

[Noboru Iuchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリス、イングランド中部、サウス・ヨークシャー大都市県の工業都市。ペニン山脈東麓(とうろく)に位置する。人口51万3234(2001)。マンチェスターの東約55キロメートルにあり、ドン川(ハンバー川の支流)がシーフ川と合流する地点に位置する。水運の便に恵まれ、7世紀ごろから集落が発達、商業中心地となった。早くから鉄の製錬が行われたが、14世紀以降、刃物製造が盛んとなり、17世紀以降はイギリスの刃物生産をほぼ独占している。当初鋼材は輸入したが、産業革命後に近くの石炭と鉄鉱石を利用して鉄鋼生産が始まり、イングランドの代表的な鉄鋼業都市の一つとなった。しかし、その後各地で鉄鋼業がおこり、19世紀なかばには近くの鉄鉱石が枯渇(こかつ)して鉄鉱石の輸入が必要となったため、刃物を中心とする高級鋼の加工生産に重点を移した。この間、19世紀初期に数万にすぎなかった人口が、1901年には約41万に急増した。軍艦、戦車、銃砲、レール、エンジンなどの鋼材のほか、鉄、真鍮(しんちゅう)、銀、光学器械、紡績などの工場群がドン川沿いに建ち並び、郊外に広がる起伏に富んだ美しい自然の風景と好対照をみせている。市内にはラスキン博物館、マッピン美術館をはじめとして、各種博物館、美術館、図書館、劇場、コンサート・ホールなどの文化施設が整備されており、教会、病院も多い。1905年創立のシェフィールド大学は、医学部、工学部を中心とするイギリスの代表的な大学の一つで、1962年に日本研究センターが新たに設けられている。第二次世界大戦中にはドイツ空軍の爆撃を受け、中心市街地と周辺郊外地は大きな被害を受けた。

[井内 昇]

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