A representative fossil elephant in Japan. Fossil bones and teeth are widely distributed, having been excavated from various places from Hokkaido to Kyushu and Okinawa, and are known to have been found not only on land but also on the seabed of the Seto Inland Sea, the southern Sea of Japan, and the coast of the Tokai region. Discoveries have also been reported on the seabed of the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the Taiwan Strait, as well as on land in Taiwan and northern and central China. In Japan, bones and teeth have long been caught in fishing nets and pulled up from the bottom of the Seto Inland Sea. Based on the knowledge of herbal medicine introduced from China, they were called "keel bones" and used for medicine. Some of these Japanese keel bones were first described as elephant fossils in 1882 (Meiji 15) by German geologist E. Naumann, who was invited to become a professor at Tokyo University in the early Meiji period. Later, in 1921, the fossil bones of almost an entire elephant were unearthed during construction work on cliff soil in Sahama-cho, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture, on the eastern shore of Lake Hamana. Jiro Makiyama (1896-1986) of Kyoto University, who studied them, published a paper on the mandible with molars, two upper molars, and tusks as the type specimen. There, it was treated as a subspecies of the Narbada elephant, known as a fossil elephant in India, and was given the name "Naumann's elephant" as a subspecies in memory of Naumann's achievement, but in subsequent research, Naumann's elephant was treated as an independent species rather than a subspecies of Narbada. As a species, Naumann's elephant is distinguished as a separate group of elephants called Palaeoloxodon, which is different from the modern elephant elephants of the Loxodonta genus (African elephants), the Elephas genus (Asian elephants), and the Mammoths (fossil elephants). [Kamei Setsuo] The shape of the Naumann's elephantFossils of bones and teeth of Naumann's elephant are known from various parts of the Japanese archipelago, but almost entire skeletons have been excavated from the following locations: Makubetsu-cho, Nakagawa-gun, Hokkaido (displayed at Hokkaido Museum and Churui Naumann's Elephant Memorial Museum, etc.), Inzai-shi, Chiba Prefecture (displayed at National Museum of Nature and Science, etc.), Nihonbashi-hama-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo (displayed at Takao Natural Science Museum, etc.), Tengakuinshita, Watauchi, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa Prefecture (displayed at Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History and Chiba Prefectural Museum, etc.). In addition, skull fossils excavated from Saruyama, Narita-shi, Chiba Prefecture and Nojiri Lake Bottom Ruins, Shinano-cho, Kamiminochi-gun, Nagano Prefecture have provided important clues to clarify the overall appearance of Naumann's elephant and the morphological differences between males and females. From these skeletons, it was found that Naumann's elephant had a shoulder height of 1.9 to 2.7 meters, which was a small to medium size for an elephant, and that the shape of its back was similar to that of an African elephant, with the shoulders being the highest, followed by the waist. In addition, the degree of curvature of the thorax was stocky with little difference between the front and back parts. The ratio of the front and back legs was similar to that of modern elephants, but the ends of the limb bones were short and wide, and the humerus, tibia, and fibula were thick and sturdy, indicating that the elephant was active using these limbs for movement. The shape of the head differed between males and females, but it was wide at the top, bulging at the front, and had a long nose. The lower jaw was also sturdy and had a distinctive shape. The tusks are long, some of which can be over 2 meters long, and are distinctive in that they open wide to the left and right, curve downward and outward, and the tips twist upward and inward. The structure of the molars is unique, and their shapes are distinctive. In addition, fossil footprints have been discovered at Lake Nojiri in Nagano Prefecture, and in Sumiyoshi and Hirano Wards in Osaka City. [Kamei Setsuo] Introduction and extinctionMany of the mammals currently found in the Japanese archipelago migrated from the Asian continent during the ancient geological period, and settled there, becoming endemic to Japan. The Naumann's Elephant also migrated there in the ancient period, and from the age of the strata from which its fossils are found, it is estimated that it arrived overland from central China about 300,000 years ago. Until then, the Akebono elephant, a member of the Stegodont elephant family and endemic to the Japanese archipelago, had been widely distributed in the Japanese archipelago, but when the Akebono elephant became extinct, the Toyo elephant, a member of the Stegodont elephant family, arrived from southern China in its place. The Naumann's Elephant appeared in the Japanese archipelago as a new elephant a little later than the Toyo elephant. The Naumann's Elephant fossils have been found most often in strata dating back about 120,000 years ago, during the last interglacial period of the Ice Age, when the Japanese archipelago was isolated due to rising sea levels caused by global warming. Thus, Naumann's elephant, which lived in warm temperate forests, survived in the Japanese archipelago even during the last glacial period, when the cold climate prevailed, and coexisted with the bighorn deer and moose that had recently arrived from the north. It is assumed that as the environment changed, Naumann's elephant adapted to the cold region, becoming larger, growing longer body hair, and developing subcutaneous fat. Fossils of Naumann's elephant have also been found in a stratum dating back about 20,000 years in Yubetsu, Abashiri, Hokkaido. They disappeared from the Japanese archipelago before the coldest period of the last glacial period (about 20,000 years ago), which is thought to have been largely influenced by the development of human hunting activities. In the excavation of Lake Nojiri, many Paleolithic tools were excavated along with the fossil bones of Naumann's elephant, and coexistence with humans is known. Bone and horn tools made from the bones and horns of Naumann's elephant and bighorn deer have also been excavated here. [Kamei Setsuo] "Japanese Fossil Collection, Vol. 28 - Fossils of Japan's Naumann's Elephant" edited by the Japanese Fossil Collection Editorial Committee (1987, Tsukiji Shokan)" ▽ "Extinct Giant Beasts of Japan, by Ijiri Shoji and Inuzuka Norihisa (1989, Tsukiji Shokan)" ▽ "Japanese Proboscidean Fossils" edited by Kamei Setsuo (1991, Tsukiji Shokan)" ▽ "Nature and Humanity in the Last Glacial Age, edited by the Lake Nojiri Excavation Research Team (1997, Kyoritsu Shuppan)" ▽ "Hammered Bone Tool Theory" by Ono Akira (2001, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "The Path of the Elephants, by Kamei Setsuo (Chuko Shinsho)" ▽ "When Elephants Lived in Japan, by Kamei Setsuo (Iwanami Shinsho)" [References] | | | | |© Hidehiko Tamagawa "> Major types of elephants (existing and fossil species) [markers] Makiyama Cenozoic Quaternary Pleistocene Specimen length: approx. 25cm Produced in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture Photo provided by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F7660) Naumann's Elephant Teeth Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
日本の代表的な化石ゾウ。骨や歯の化石は広く分布しており、北海道から九州、沖縄の各地で出土していて、陸上ばかりでなく、瀬戸内海、日本海南部や東海地方沿岸の海底からも産出が知られている。また、東シナ海、黄海(こうかい)、台湾海峡の海底、さらに台湾や中国北・中部の陸域からも発見が報告されている。 日本では、古くから瀬戸内海の海底から骨や歯が漁網にかかって引き上げられていたが、中国伝来の本草学(ほんぞうがく)の知識から、それらは「竜骨」とよばれ、薬に用いられていた。そのような日本の竜骨のいくつかを、初めてゾウの化石として1882年(明治15)に記載したのは、明治初年に東京大学の教授に招聘(しょうへい)されたドイツの地質学者E・ナウマンであった。その後、1921年になって、浜名湖東岸の静岡県浜松市佐浜町で崖土を工事のため採掘中に、ほぼ1体分のゾウの化石骨が出土した。それらを研究した京都大学の槇山次郎(まきやまじろう)(1896―1986)は、臼歯(きゅうし)のついた下顎骨(かがくこつ)、2個の上顎臼歯と牙(きば)を模式標本(タイプ)として論文を発表した。そこでは、インドで化石ゾウとして知られていたナルバダゾウの亜種として扱い、ナウマンの功績を記念して亜種名として「ナウマンゾウ」の名前を与えたが、その後の研究で、ナウマンゾウはナルバダゾウの亜種ではなく、独立した種として扱われることとなった。種としてのナウマンゾウは、現生のエレファスゾウであるアフリカゾウのロクソドンタ属、アジアゾウのエレファス属や、マンモスゾウ(化石ゾウ)のマムーサス属とは異なり、パレオロクソドン属という別グループのゾウとして区別されている。 [亀井節夫] ナウマンゾウのかたちナウマンゾウの骨や歯の化石は、日本列島の各地から知られているが、次にあげる数箇所からはほぼ全身の骨格が発掘されている。北海道中川郡幕別(まくべつ)町(北海道博物館および忠類ナウマン象記念館などに展示)、千葉県印西(いんざい)市(国立科学博物館などに展示)、東京都中央区日本橋浜町(東京都高尾自然科学博物館などに展示)、神奈川県藤沢市渡内(わたうち)天岳院下(神奈川県立生命の星・地球博物館および千葉県立中央博物館などに展示)。さらに、千葉県成田(なりた)市猿山や長野県上水内(かみみのち)郡信濃(しなの)町の野尻湖底遺跡で発掘された頭骨の化石は、ナウマンゾウの全体像や雌雄による形態の違いを明らかにする重要な手掛りを与えた。 それらの骨格からは、ナウマンゾウは肩の高さが1.9~2.7メートルで、ゾウとしては中・小形のものであり、背中の形は、肩の部分がもっとも高くて、次に腰の部分が高く、アフリカゾウに似た形をしていたことがわかった。また、胸郭にみられる湾曲の程度は、前の部分と後ろの部分とでは差が少ないずんぐりした体型をしていた。前足と後ろ足との比率は現生のゾウたちと同様ではあるが、四肢骨(ししこつ)の末端部は短くて幅が広く、上腕骨、脛骨(けいこつ)、腓骨(ひこつ)が太くたくましく、それらの四肢を使って活発に運動していたことがわかる。頭の形には雌雄によって違いがあるが、頂部が横に広く、その前面がふくらみ、鼻は長かった。下顎も頑丈で特徴のある形をしていた。牙は長くて、2メートルを超すものもあり、左右に大きく開き、下外方に向かって湾曲しながら伸びており、先端は内側上方にねじれるという特徴ある形のものである。臼歯の構造に独特の性質がみられ、その形に特徴がある。なお、長野県の野尻湖や大阪市住吉区や平野区では足跡の化石が発見されている。 [亀井節夫] 渡来と絶滅日本列島で現在みられる哺乳(ほにゅう)動物には、古い地層時代にアジア大陸から渡ってきて、そのまま住みついて日本の地に特有なものとして固有化したものが多い。ナウマンゾウもそれらと同様に、古い時代に渡来したもので、化石を産出する地層の年代からは、約30万年前ごろに中国中部から陸伝いにやってきたと推測される。それまで日本列島に広く分布していたのは、ステゴドンゾウの仲間で日本列島固有のアケボノゾウであったが、そのアケボノゾウが滅び、そのかわりに中国南部からステゴドンゾウの仲間のトウヨウゾウが新しく渡来した。そのトウヨウゾウよりもやや後に日本列島の新しいゾウとして登場することとなったのがナウマンゾウである。ナウマンゾウの化石がもっとも多く発見されているのは約12万年前ころの地層で、氷河時代の最後の間氷期にあたり、温暖化に伴う海水面の上昇によって日本列島が孤立化した時期のものである。このように、暖温帯の森林生活者であったナウマンゾウは、その後の寒冷な気候が卓越する最終氷期にも日本列島で生き残っていて、陸続きに北方から新しく渡来したオオツノシカやヘラジカなどと共存していた。環境の変化に伴い、寒冷地域に適応して大形となり、体毛も長く伸び、皮下脂肪も発達したと推定される。ナウマンゾウの化石は北海道網走(あばしり)地方の湧別(ゆうべつ)にある約2万年前の地層からも発見されている。日本列島からは、最終氷期の最大寒冷期(約2万年前)以前には姿を消しているが、それには人類の狩猟活動の発展が大きく影響したと考えられている。野尻湖の発掘では、ナウマンゾウの化石骨に伴い旧石器が多く発掘されていて、人類との共存が知られている。ここでは、ナウマンゾウとオオツノシカの骨や角を加工した骨角器も発掘されている。 [亀井節夫] 『日本化石集編集委員会編『日本化石集 第28集――日本のナウマン象化石』(1987・築地書館)』▽『井尻正二・犬塚則久著『絶滅した日本の巨獣』(1989・築地書館)』▽『亀井節夫編著『日本の長鼻類化石』(1991・築地書館)』▽『野尻湖発掘調査団編著『最終氷期の自然と人類』(1997・共立出版)』▽『小野昭著『打製骨器論』(2001・東京大学出版会)』▽『亀井節夫著『象のきた道』(中公新書)』▽『亀井節夫著『日本に象がいたころ』(岩波新書)』 [参照項目] | | | | |©玉川秀彦"> ゾウのおもな種類(現存種と化石種)〔標… Makiyama 新生代第四紀更新世 標本の横の長さ約25cm 静岡県浜松市産写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F7660)"> ナウマンゾウの歯 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Naumburg - Naumburg (English spelling)
⇒Isfahan Source: About Shogakukan Digital Daijisen...
A gulf in the southeast of North America, surround...
A scholar of Japanese classics in the late Edo pe...
...The fruit is sweet and edible, but rough to th...
An international tourist resort city in the canto...
… [Kishimoto Osamu]. … *Some of the terminology t...
…The yellow dragonfly Ceriagrion melanurum (illus...
A type of court noble clothing. Hakama worn with ...
A strategic military location on the southern tip ...
Born April 14, 1950 in Stanton, Virginia. Francis ...
A military commander on the side of the Southern ...
A village in Agawa County, central Kochi Prefectur...
...During the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258), the c...
…[Hiroji Koyama]. . … *Some of the terminology th...
…He studied Kabbalah, alchemy, and theosophy on h...