A prankster who appears in myths and folk tales from all over the world. The mythical form of the clown can be, for example, the prankster god in West Africa, or animals such as the hare, spider, or turtle that are told throughout Africa. In North American Indian mythology, clowns also take the form of animals such as coyotes and ravens, or humans. They all share common characteristics such as wit, resourcefulness, cunning, whimsy, and practical jokes. They also bring chaos and destruction to the world, but at the same time, they often create unknown cultural elements from the chaos and play the role of cultural heroes who bring about a new order after the destruction. These characteristics can also be seen in Hermes, the Greek god of commerce and sports who guides souls to the underworld, and Susanoo-no-Mikoto in Japanese mythology. Tricksters are ambiguous beings who move between gods and humans, heaven and earth, order and chaos, and nature and culture, and are active on the boundaries between these two. Psychologist Jung considered the trickster to be "an imitation of undifferentiated human consciousness," while French anthropologist Lévi-Strauss explained it as "something that mediates between the oppositions between the basic categories that humans use to understand the world, and provides a unified understanding of the world." [Yasushi Kato] "The Folklore of Clowns" by Masao Yamaguchi (1975, Shinchosha) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
世界各地の神話や民話に登場するいたずら者。道化の神話的形象といえるが、これはたとえば、西アフリカにおけるいたずら者の神や、アフリカ全土で語られる野兎(のうさぎ)や蜘蛛(くも)、亀(かめ)といった動物であったりする。北米インディアンの神話においても、コヨーテやワタリガラスなどの動物になったり、人間の姿をとったりしている。彼らには共通して、機知、機転、狡猾(こうかつ)さ、気まぐれ、悪ふざけなどの性格がみられる。また、この世に混乱と破壊を引き起こすと同時に、しばしば混乱のなかから未知の文化要素を生み出し、破壊のあとにふたたび新しい秩序をもたらすという文化英雄的役割も果たしている。 こうした特徴は、ギリシア神話の商売と競技の守護神で、霊魂を冥界(めいかい)に案内するヘルメスや、日本神話の素戔嗚尊(すさのおのみこと)などにも認められる。トリックスターは、神と人間、天と地、秩序と混沌(こんとん)、自然と文化の間を行き来し、その境界で活躍する両義的存在となっている。心理学者のユングはトリックスターを「未分化な人間の意識の模写」と考えたが、フランスの人類学者レビ(レヴィ)・ストロースは「人間が世界を把握するために用いる基本的カテゴリーの対立を仲介し、世界についての統一的認識を与えるもの」と説明している。 [加藤 泰] 『山口昌男著『道化の民俗学』(1975・新潮社)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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