German physicist. Born in Oranienburg. He studied under Planck at the University of Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1914. In 1930 he became professor at the University of Giessen and director of its Physics Institute, and in 1932 he moved to the University of Heidelberg, where he became head of the Physics Department at the Max Planck Institute. After World War II, he returned to the University of Heidelberg, where he served as head of the Physics Department until his death. In 1924, he worked with H. W. Geiger to invent the counter synchronizer, and from around 1923 he began researching X-ray scattering, confirming the recoil electron, promoting the particle theory of light and contributing to the theory of the light quanta (1922-1927). He then began experiments on nuclear collisions with α (alpha) rays, observing the fission products of nuclei, and in 1930 he discovered the transformation of beryllium nuclei and observed the highly penetrating radiation emitted during the process. He also built a cyclotron in Heidelberg, and during World War II he was in charge of nuclear fission research under the Nazis (1939-1945). In 1954, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on nuclear reactions and gamma rays using the coincidence method. M. Born also received the prize in recognition of his work on quantum mechanics, particularly statistical research into wave functions. [Jun Fujimura] [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの物理学者。オラニエンブルクに生まれる。ベルリン大学でプランクの指導を受け、1914年学位を得た。1930年ギーセン大学教授、同物理学研究所長となり、1932年ハイデルベルク大学に移り、さらに同地のマックス・プランク研究所物理部部長となった。第二次世界大戦後、ふたたびハイデルベルク大学に戻り、没年までマックス・プランク研究所物理部部長の職にあった。1924年H・W・ガイガーと協力して計数管同期装置を考案、また1923年ごろからX線散乱の研究を進め、反跳電子の確認に到達し、光の粒子論の立場を推進して、光量子論に寄与した(1922~1927)。ついでα(アルファ)線の核衝突の実験を開始して、核の分裂生成物を観測し、1930年にはベリリウム核の転換をみいだし、またその際に放出される強い透過能の放射線を観測した。またハイデルベルクにサイクロトロンを建設したが、第二次世界大戦中はナチスのもとで核分裂研究を担当した(1939~1945)。1954年、「コインシデンス法(同時計数法)による原子核反応とγ(ガンマ)線とに関する研究」により、ノーベル物理学賞を受けた。また、「量子力学、とくに波動関数の統計的研究」が認められたM・ボルンも同時に受賞した。 [藤村 淳] [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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