Run on a bank

Japanese: 取付け - とりつけ(英語表記)run on a bank
Run on a bank
Generally, a creditor demands that a debtor repay a debt. A particular problem occurs when a financial panic occurs and there is a risk that it will be difficult to withdraw bank deposits, leading to a rush of depositors to banks to withdraw their deposits. Because banks invest their deposits elsewhere, they may run short of reserves and stop making payments, but in most cases this can be prevented with assistance from the central bank. However, because banks are constantly in a lending relationship with each other to settle bills, a run on one bank can easily spread to others. For this reason, when a general run is likely to occur, moratoriums (payment postponements) are implemented by law, and banks may close all at once. During the Great Depression in the United States from 1929 to 1932, runs on banks occurred on an unprecedented scale. In Japan, moratoriums were implemented during the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, the financial panic in 1927, and the financial emergency measures in 1946.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
一般には債権者が債務者に対し債務の返済を求めること。特に問題になるのは金融恐慌が発生し,銀行預金の引出しが困難になるおそれがある場合に,預金者が銀行に殺到し,預金の引出しを求める場合である。銀行は預金を他に運用しているため場合によっては支払準備に不足をきたし,支払停止となることがあるが,ほとんどは中央銀行の援助によって阻止することができる。しかし銀行は相互に手形の決済などの関係で常に貸借関係をもっているため,一銀行に取付けがあれば容易に他に波及する。このため一般的な取付けが起りそうな状態のときには法令によってモラトリアム (支払猶予) が実施され,銀行の一斉休業となることがある。 1929~32年のアメリカの大恐慌のときは,未曾有の規模の取付けが発生した。日本では 23年の関東大震災,27年の金融恐慌,46年の金融非常措置のときモラトリアムが実施された。

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