Bakuyu (English spelling) mu-you; mu-yu

Japanese: 幕友 - ばくゆう（英語表記）mu-you; mu-yu

Also called Bakubin or Bakukaku. In China, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, private advisors were invited by local governors as guests. They were especially popular during the Yongzheng and Qianlong eras of the Qing (18th century). After the Ming dynasty, local officials were required to avoid their domiciles (→ Avoidance System), and so they had to take up their posts in completely unfamiliar places. For this reason, local governors invited people they could trust from among the literary elite to act as assistants and advisers for their duties, and treated them well as Bakutomo. Thus, Bakutomo were not regular officials under the governor's control, but private guests, and their expenses were paid for with the governor's personal funds. There were judicial and financial advisors, and the former were called Keimei Laoye and the latter Qiangu Laoye.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

幕賓，幕客ともいう。中国，明・清時代に地方長官が賓客として招聘した私設顧問。特に清の雍正・乾隆年間 (18世紀) に盛んであった。明代以後の地方官は本籍回避の制が適用されたため (→回避制度 ) ，まったく不案内の地に赴任しなければならなかった。このため地方長官らは，任務に対する補佐役，相談役として信頼できる人を読書人層などから招聘し，幕友として厚遇した。したがって幕友は長官に統轄される正規の官ではなく，私的な賓客であり，その経費は長官の私財で支払われた。なお幕友には，司法担当と財政担当などがあり，前者は刑名老爺，後者は銭穀老爺などとも呼ばれた。

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