A perennial plant of the Solanaceae family (APG classification: Solanaceae). In cultivation, it is treated as an annual plant. The stems can reach 1-2 meters in length, but cannot stand upright naturally and creep along the ground. Adventitious roots emerge from the lower part of the stem where it touches the ground. The leaves are pinnately compound, 15-45 cm long, and covered with soft hairs. There are 5-9 pairs of leaflets, each 5-7.5 cm long. The flowers are yellow, about 2-3 cm in diameter, and the corolla is deeply lobed into 5-10 pieces. Clusters of 3-7 flowers grow in the leaf axils. The inside of the fruit is divided into several chambers and contains many seeds. The shape of the fruit varies from large to small depending on the variety, and the color of the fruit can be red, crimson, or yellow. In Japan, pink-pink fruits are preferred for eating raw, so most varieties are pink-pink. There are also varieties that bear clusters of red or yellow fruits 2-3 cm in diameter, and varieties with small, egg-shaped or pear-shaped fruits. [Hoshikawa Kiyochika June 21, 2021] CultivationSeeds are sown in a seedbed, seedlings are raised, and then planted in a field or greenhouse. It grows thick with profuse axillary buds from the leaf axils, but in Japan, when it is cultivated for the purpose of obtaining edible fruits, all the axillary buds are removed and only one stem is trained with a stake. When it is cultivated for the purpose of processing into juice or ketchup, it is cultivated without stakes and without removing the axillary buds. It is relatively resistant to low temperatures, but will die if it is hit by frost even once. If it is infected with bacterial wilt, a soil disease, the tip of the stem will suddenly wilt, and within a few days the entire above-ground part will die. To avoid soil-borne diseases, it should not be cultivated in succession with other Solanaceae crops such as tomatoes, eggplants, and potatoes, and it is also grafted onto soil disease-resistant rootstock tomato varieties, such as BF Okitsu 101. Its natural peak season is summer, but nowadays it is produced all year round through forcing and retarding cultivation. However, cultivation during cool periods is prone to poor fruit set, so parachlorphenoquinone acetate (brand name "Tomato Tone") is sprayed on the inflorescences to promote fruit set and fruit growth. Currently, all varieties grown economically in Japan are first generation hybrid varieties ( F1 (F1)). [Hoshikawa Kiyochika June 21, 2021] Origin and spreadThe origin and spread of tomatoes are recent, and it is estimated that cultivated tomatoes were established around 1000 AD. The ancestor of tomatoes, which are now widely cultivated around the world, is one of these varieties, var. cerasiforme Alef. There are wild types and the most primitive cultivated types. The distribution area of this variety is the narrow coastal area (30 degrees south of the equator) 150 kilometers wide from Ecuador to northern Chile, just like the wild species of the genus Tomato, but it also extends further north to the lowlands along the eastern coast of southern and central Mexico. It grows abundantly, especially in Veracruz, and its cultivated types are clearly transitional to cultivated tomatoes. Therefore, it is correct to consider that it originated in Mexico, since the cultivated type was established from the wild type of cerasiforme in Peru, the center of wild species of the genus Tomato, and the most evolved tomato currently seen in the Mexican region was established. This region was part of the Aztec culture, and since the Aztecs enjoyed eating ground cherries and cultivated the tomato-like plant, it is easy to imagine that they also worked to cultivate and cultivate the kerasiforme. The Aztecs also added the Nahuatl word tomatl to the name of the tomato variety they cultivated. This word spread to countries around the world. After the "discovery of the New World," Spain's conquest of Mexico in 1523 brought eggplants to Europe, where they were introduced by the Spanish, then to Italy in 1544, to England in 1575, and then to Central European countries. They were first used for decoration, and were not used for food until the 18th century. They were introduced to America from Europe at the end of the 18th century, but did not become widespread until the end of the 19th century. They were introduced to Asia by the Spanish through the Pacific Ocean in the Philippines, and were cultivated in eastern Malaysia after 1650. They were introduced to Japan in Nagasaki around 1670 during the Kanbun era, and were described in Yamato Honzo (1709). Later, a variety was introduced from Europe and America by the Hokkaido Development Commission in the early Meiji era, and was prototyped under the name Akanasu (red eggplant). However, due to its unique odor, it did not become widespread at the time, and in the Taisho era, its cultivation increased mainly in Hokkaido and Aichi Prefecture, but it was not until after World War II that it became as widespread as it is today. [Masatake Tanaka June 21, 2021] FoodTomatoes are considered to be good for your health, and it is said that "when tomatoes turn red, doctors turn green" and "a house with tomatoes will have no stomach problems." The fruit is 95% water, with 0.7% protein, 0.1% fat, 3.3% sugar, 0.4% fiber, and 0.5% ash. It is rich in vitamins, with 390 micrograms of carotene, 20 milligrams of vitamin C, 0.05 milligrams of B1 , 0.03 milligrams of B2 , as well as B6 , K, P, M, rutin, and niacin per 100 grams. The sweet components are fructose and glucose, and the sour components are citric acid and malic acid. In addition to being eaten raw, tomatoes are also processed into cans, juices, purees, and pastes, and there are varieties for eating raw and varieties for processing. The processed varieties are not suitable for eating raw because they are less juicy and have a tough skin. Tomatoes for eating fresh are harvested while still green and firm to reduce spoilage during distribution, and shipped to retailers when they are just ripe to eat. However, these tomatoes are inferior in taste to those that have been fully ripened in the field. Therefore, in recent years, tomatoes that have been harvested at a fully ripened stage, specifically labeled "fully ripened tomatoes," have been sold in stores. The skin of tomatoes can be easily peeled by hand by dipping the fruit in boiling water. [Hoshikawa Kiyochika June 21, 2021] Tomatoes are used as garnishes, in salads, soups, stews, meat sauces, etc. The characteristic grassy smell of tomatoes is mainly due to a component called leaf alcohol, which has the effect of eliminating the fishy smell. Therefore, when making stews or meat sauces, simmering tomatoes with meat will eliminate the meaty smell. In addition to ripe tomatoes, canned tomatoes boiled in water or in tomato juice can be used for cooking. Small tomatoes with high sugar content are also widely available, and these can be used as garnishes for dishes or as a substitute for fruit in desserts. [Tomomi Kono June 21, 2021] "Encyclopedia of Vegetable Gardening 2: Tomatoes" (1988), edited and published by the Rural Culture Association ; "Tomato Physiology and Cultivation Techniques: New Techniques for Vegetable Cultivation," revised edition, by Hirofumi Aoki (1998, Seibundo Shinkosha) ; "Tomatoes for Cooking: Cultivation and Use of Cooking Tomatoes: Bringing Delicious Tomato Dishes to the Table," edited by Kiyoshi Ozawa and Yurika Sato (2000, Rural Culture Association) ©Shogakukan Photo by Hideyuki Asakura "> tomato Fully ripe tomatoes ©Shogakukan "> Tomato (Momotaro) ©Shogakukan "> Midi Tomato ©Shogakukan "> Cherry Tomatoes ©Shogakukan "> Cherry Tomatoes (Pear Tomatoes) ©Shogakukan "> Cherry Tomato (Lemon Tomato) ©Shogakukan "> Mini Tomatoes (Cherry Tomatoes) It is yellow and about 2-3cm in diameter. 3-7 flowers grow in clusters in the leaf axils. ©Seishohmaru "> Tomato flower They are generally oblate and red in color, but the shape, size, and fruit color vary depending on the variety. ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose "> Tomato fruit ©Shogakukan "> The origin and spread of the tomato Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ナス科(APG分類:ナス科)の多年草。栽培上は一年草として扱われる。茎は長さ1~2メートルになるが、自然には直立できず地面にはう。茎の下部が地面に接するところからは不定根を出す。葉は長さ15~45センチメートルの羽状複葉で、柔毛がある。小葉は5~9対で、長さ5~7.5センチメートル。花は黄色で直径約2~3センチメートル、花冠は5ないし10片に深裂する。葉腋(ようえき)に3~7花が房になってつく。果実の内部は数室に分かれ、多数の種子が入っている。果実の形は品種によって大小さまざまで、また果色も赤、紅、黄色などである。日本では生食用には桃紅色の果実が好まれるため、ほとんどが桃紅色の品種である。また、直径2~3センチメートルの赤または黄色の果実を房成りにつける品種や、卵形や西洋ナシ形の小形の果実の品種も普及している。 [星川清親 2021年6月21日] 栽培苗床に種子を播(ま)いて苗を育て、畑やハウスに定植する。葉腋から盛んに腋芽を出して茂るが、日本で生食用果実を得る目的で栽培するときには、腋芽を全部摘み取って1本の茎だけを、支柱を立てて仕立てることが多い。ジュースやケチャップなど加工用の目的で栽培する場合には、支柱をせず腋芽も摘まずに育てる無支柱栽培が行われる。低温には比較的強いが、1回でも霜に当たれば枯死する。土壌病害である青枯病に侵されると、急に茎の先からしおれ、数日中に地上部全体に及んで枯死する。土壌伝染性の病害を避けるため、トマトはもとよりナス、ジャガイモなどナス科の作物との連作は避け、また土壌病害抵抗性の台木専用トマト品種、たとえばBF興津(おきつ)101号などに接木(つぎき)もされる。自然の旬(しゅん)は夏であるが、現在では促成・抑制栽培などによって一年中生産される。しかし低温期の栽培では着果不良になりやすく、パラクロルフェノキン酢酸(商品名「トマトトーン」)を花房に噴霧して着果と果実の肥大を促進させている。なお、現在日本で経済的に栽培されている品種はすべて一代雑種品種(F1(エフワン))である。 [星川清親 2021年6月21日] 起源と伝播トマトの起源と普及は新しく、栽培トマトの成立は紀元後1000年ころと推定されている。現在広く世界で栽培されているトマトの祖先種は、その一つの変種ケラシフォルメvar. cerasiforme Alef.である。これには野生型と、もっとも原始的な栽培型がある。この分布地域はトマト属の野生種と同じくエクアドルからチリ北部に至る幅150キロメートルの狭長な海岸地帯(赤道から南緯30度)であるが、さらに北はメキシコの南部から中央部の東海岸沿いの低地にまで及ぶ。とくにベラクルスを中心として豊富に自生し、その栽培型も明らかに栽培トマトとの移行型を示す種々な型がある。したがって、トマト属野生種の中心であるペルーにおいてケラシフォルメの野生型から栽培型が成立して、メキシコ地域において現在みられるもっとも進化したトマトが成立している点から、メキシコ起源であると考えるのが正しい。この地域はアステカ文化圏で、アステカ人は好んでホオズキを食用に供し、トマトに似たホオズキの育成・栽培をしていることから、ケラシフォルメの栽培と育成に努めたことが想像できる。またアステカ人はその栽培トマトの品種の語尾にナワトゥル語のトマトルtomatlをつけた。このことばが世界各国に伝播(でんぱ)した。 「新大陸発見」後、1523年のスペインのメキシコ征服後、スペイン人によってヨーロッパに入り、1544年イタリアに、1575年イギリスに、さらに中欧諸国に伝播した。最初は観賞用で、食用に供したのは18世紀以降である。アメリカには18世紀末にヨーロッパから入ったが、19世紀末までは普及しなかった。アジアへはスペイン人によって太平洋経由でフィリピンに入り、1650年以降マレーシア東部でも栽培された。日本へは寛文(かんぶん)年間、1670年ころに長崎に伝来し、『大和本草(やまとほんぞう)』(1709)に記載されている。その後、明治初年に開拓使によって欧米から品種が導入され、赤茄子(あかなす)の名で試作された。しかし当時は独特の臭みのため普及せず、大正時代に入って、北海道と愛知県を中心として栽培が増加したが、現在のように普及をみたのは第二次世界大戦後である。 [田中正武 2021年6月21日] 食品トマトは健康によい食品とされており、「トマトが赤くなると医者が青くなる」「トマトのある家に胃病なし」などといわれている。果実の成分は95%が水分で、タンパク質0.7%、脂質0.1%、糖質3.3%、繊維0.4%、灰分0.5%を含む。ビタミン類の含量に優れ、100グラム当りカロチン390マイクログラム、ビタミンC20ミリグラム、B10.05ミリグラム、B20.03ミリグラムのほか、B6、K、P、M、ルチン、ナイアシンなども含む。甘味の成分は果糖とブドウ糖、酸味の主体はクエン酸とリンゴ酸である。生食用のほか、加工用として缶詰、ジュース、ピューレ、ペーストなどにされ、それぞれ生食用品種、加工用品種がある。加工用は汁気が少なく、皮も堅くて生食用には適さない。生食用トマトは、流通経路でのいたみを少なくするため、果実が緑色で堅いうちに収穫し、小売店の店頭でちょうど食べごろになるように出荷する。しかしこのようなものは、畑で完熟させた果実に比較して食味が劣る。そこで最近では、とくに完熟トマトと表示された、完熟した果実を収穫したものが店頭に出回るようになった。トマトの皮は、果実を熱湯にくぐらせると手で容易にむけるようになる。 [星川清親 2021年6月21日] トマトは料理の付け合せ、サラダ、スープ、シチュー、ミートソースなどに用いる。トマト特有の青臭いにおいは青葉アルコールとよばれる成分を中心にしたもので、これは生臭みを消す働きがある。そのため、シチューやミートソースなどをつくるとき、肉とともに煮込むと肉の臭みが消える。加熱調理には適熟トマトのほか水煮あるいはトマトジュース漬けにした缶詰が利用できる。糖分の多い小粒のトマトも多く出回り、これらは料理の飾りやデザートのフルーツのかわりとしても食べることができる。 [河野友美 2021年6月21日] 『農山漁村文化協会編・刊『野菜園芸大百科2 トマト』(1988)』▽『青木宏史著『トマト 生理と栽培技術――野菜栽培の新技術』改訂版(1998・誠文堂新光社)』▽『小沢聖・佐藤百合香編著『加熱調理用トマト クッキングトマトの栽培と利用――美味しいトマト料理を食卓へ』(2000・農山漁村文化協会)』 ©Shogakukan 撮影/朝倉秀之"> トマト 完熟系トマト©Shogakukan"> トマト(桃太郎) ©Shogakukan"> ミディトマト ©Shogakukan"> ミニトマト(プチトマト) ©Shogakukan"> ミニトマト(ペアトマト) ©Shogakukan"> ミニトマト(レモントマト) ©Shogakukan"> ミニトマト(チェリートマト) 黄色で直径約2~3cm。葉腋に3~7花が房になってつく©Seishohmaru"> トマトの花 一般には扁球形で赤色だが、品種によって形や大きさ、果色もさまざまである©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏"> トマトの果実 ©Shogakukan"> トマトの起源地と伝播経路 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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