Bleeding from the rectum

Japanese: 下血 - げけつ
Bleeding from the rectum

As with hematemesis, this refers to blood that has bled from the upper digestive tract and is discharged from the anus via the digestive tract in the opposite direction to hematemesis. It is also called melena, because the blood that is passed through the stool is black, as the word originates from the word black, and this is also called tarry stool. There are cases of upper digestive tract bleeding (such as bleeding from a digestive ulcer) where blood is only seen in the stool without hematemesis. In cases of bleeding from the lower digestive tract, red blood itself may be discharged, which is called rectal bleeding. In this case, if the amount of bleeding is small, blood will adhere to the feces that is discharged. When the bleeding is from the lower digestive tract above the rectum, blood is mixed into the feces, and this is bloody stool in the narrow sense. Bloody stool is often seen as an initial symptom of colon cancer. When diarrheal stool becomes completely bloody, this is called bloody diarrhea, which is the broader definition of bloody stool and is seen in ulcerative colitis and bacterial dysentery. Although the term "bloody stool" is used widely in this way, "hemorrhagia" is also used in the broad sense to refer to bloody stool as well as rectal bleeding.

When experiencing bloody stool, it is important to first confirm the location of the bleeding, but in cases of heavy bleeding, emergency treatment such as a blood transfusion is performed. In cases of light bleeding, the color of the stool can be used to determine whether the bleeding is in the upper or lower digestive tract, but this is not always definitive. The reason why the stool turns black depends on the amount of time the blood remains in the digestive tract. The stool of a constipated person will be black even if there is no bleeding. To make a definitive diagnosis, a barium enema X-ray or endoscopic examination is required.

A small amount of bleeding that does not appear to the naked eye as blood in the stool or feces is called occult bleeding. A fecal occult blood test is used to detect this.

[Jun Takahashi]

[Reference item] | Bloody stool | Occult blood reaction

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

吐血の場合と同様に上部消化管から出血した血液が、吐血とは逆に消化管を下って肛門(こうもん)から排出されることをいう。メレナmelenaともいわれるのは、語源的に黒色を意味するように、下血されたものが黒色になっているためで、これはタール便ともよばれる。吐血がなくて下血だけがみられる上部消化管出血(消化性潰瘍(かいよう)の出血など)もある。また、下部消化管から出血した場合は、赤い血液そのものが排出されることがあり、直腸出血とよばれる。この場合、出血量が少ないと排出された糞便(ふんべん)に血液が付着する。出血部位が直腸より上位の下部消化管の場合は、血液が糞便中に混入しており、狭義の血便である。血便は大腸癌(がん)の初発症状に多くみられる。下痢便が完全に血性になったものが血性下痢で、これが広義の血便であり、潰瘍性大腸炎や細菌性赤痢にみられる。このように血便という用語は広く使われているが、下血も同様に、血便をはじめ直腸出血などを一括した広義の下血として使用されている。

 下血に際してはまずその出血部位の確認がたいせつであるが、大量出血の場合は、緊急処置として輸血などが行われる。少量出血の場合には、便の色で上部消化管の出血か下部消化管の出血かの判断が行われるが、かならずしも確実ではない。便が黒色になるのは、出血した血液が消化管内に存在する時間による。便秘した糞便は出血がなくても黒い。確診を得るためには注腸X線検査や内視鏡検査などが必要である。

 なお、肉眼的に下血または血便として現れない少量出血を潜出血という。この検出のために行われるのが、糞便の潜血反応検査である。

[高橋 淳]

[参照項目] | 血便 | 潜血反応

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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