Toccata - toccata (English spelling) Italian

Japanese: トッカータ - とっかーた(英語表記)toccata イタリア語
Toccata - toccata (English spelling) Italian

A brilliant, improvisational piece that shows off the performer's virtuosity. The word originates from toccare, meaning to strike or touch, and in the 16th century it was synonymous with an improvised prelude to check the tone of a lute or keyboard instrument. From the end of the 15th century to the 19th century, it was also used as the name of a festive fanfare or its brass section. Independent keyboard pieces reached their peak in the first half of the 17th century with Frescobaldi, who combined the style of the contemporary vocal madrigal with advanced performance techniques. The North German organ school, represented by J.S. Bach, also preferred the combination of the same improvisational and unrestrained style as the prelude with a strict fugue. The toccata seemed to have disappeared after that, but from the end of the 19th century it was revived as a technical work, with its original improvisational nature emphasized, and with ceaseless movement of small notes, in the organ symphonies of the French composers Charles-Marie Widor (1844-1937) and Louis Vierne (1870-1937), and in the piano pieces of Debussy and Ravel.

[Toshiko Sekine]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

演奏者の名人芸を誇示するような、即興風の華麗な作品。打つ、触れるを意味するtoccareを語源とするように、16世紀にはリュートや鍵盤(けんばん)楽器の調子を確かめる即興的な前奏曲と同義であった。また15世紀終わりごろから19世紀まで、祝祭用のファンファーレ、あるいはその金管パートの名称としても用いられた。鍵盤楽器のための独立した作品は、17世紀前半、同時代の声楽マドリガーレの様式と高度な演奏技巧を結び付けたフレスコバルディで頂点に達する。またJ・S・バッハに代表される北ドイツ・オルガン楽派では、前奏曲と同じ即興的で奔放な様式と厳格なフーガとの組合せが好まれた。トッカータはその後、姿を消したかにみえたが、19世紀終わりごろから、フランスのウィドールCharles-Marie Widor(1844―1937)やビエルヌLouis Vierne(1870―1937)のオルガン交響曲、ドビュッシーやラベルのピアノ曲において、本来の即興的性格が強調された、細かい音符で休みなく動き回る、技巧的作品として復活した。

[関根敏子]

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