Independent self-sustained peasant

Japanese: 独立自営農民 - どくりつじえいのうみん（英語表記）independent self-sustained peasant

This refers to free, independent, self-employed farmers who were born during the process of the dissolution of feudal land ownership. In feudal society, farmers gradually improved their economic status, strengthened their ownership of their own land, and became de facto landowning farmers through the repurchase of land. Through the sale of surplus agricultural products on the market, the wealthy independent self-employed farmers became capitalist tenant farmers or manufacturing managers, while the poor became wage laborers. In other words, with the development of capitalism, a so-called polarization occurred. Typical examples are the English yeomanry and the French Labrouage.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

封建的土地所有の解体過程に生れた自由独立の自営農民をいう。封建社会における農民は次第に経済的地位を高め，自己の保有地に対する所有権を強め，また土地の買戻しなどによって，事実上の土地所有農民となった。独立自営農民は余剰農産物の，市場での販売を通して，富める者は資本家的借地農やマニュファクチュア経営者となり，貧しい者は賃金労働者となった。すなわち資本主義の発展に伴っていわゆる両極分解をとげた。イギリスのヨーマンリー，フランスのラブルールが典型的。

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