An ethnic group living in the Benguela Highlands of Angola in southwestern Africa. They speak Bantu languages and have an estimated population of about 4 million. In the 17th century, a powerful group invaded the highlands, conquered the indigenous pastoralists, and intermarried with them. They are divided into 22 emirates, and about half of them belonged to one large emirate until the Portuguese occupation in the 20th century. Each emirate has a chief, a council, and several deputy chiefs. They practice polygamy and have a dual descent of kinship, with land inherited through the paternal line and movable property through the maternal line. Education for initiation rites is given only to the children of certain families. Their main economic activity is agriculture, mainly cultivating corn and beans. They also hunt, and have experts in the subject. They also raise livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats, and cattle are considered a measure of wealth. Beeswax is an important trade item. The Congo River, the Great Lakes region, and the Kalahari Desert once saw a flourishing trade between the two countries. Trade agreements were made between the various regions, and local products such as metalworking and cornmeal production developed. However, widespread trade declined with the arrival of European merchants, the prohibition of the slave trade, and the construction of the Benguela Railway in 1904. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
アフリカ南西部,アンゴラのベンゲラ高地に住む一民族。言語はバンツー諸語に属し,人口約 400万と推定される。17世紀に有力な一派がこの高地に侵入し,先住の牧畜民を征服して混血した。22の首長国に分かれ,約半分は 20世紀のポルトガルの占領前までは一つの大きな首長国に属していた。各首長国には首長と議会と複数の副首長があった。一夫多妻婚で,親族組織は二重出自をとり,土地は父系,動産は母系をたどって相続される。イニシエーション儀礼を受けるための教育は特定の家族の子女にのみ行なわれる。農業が主要経済活動で,おもにトウモロコシやマメ類を栽培する。狩猟も行なわれその専門家もいる。ウシ,ヒツジ,ヤギなどの家畜飼育も行なわれ,ウシは富の尺度とされる。蜜ろうは重要な交易品である。かつてはコンゴ川とグレート湖地方とカラハリ砂漠に囲まれた地方で盛んに交易を行なっていた。交易協定が各地区に結ばれ,金属細工やとうもろこし粉の製造など地方特有の製品が発達した。しかし広範囲の交易は,ヨーロッパ商人の登場,奴隷貿易の禁止,1904年のベンゲラ鉄道の建設などによって衰退した。
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