Movable property - Dosan

Land and any fixtures thereon are called real estate (Civil Code, Article 86, Paragraph 1), and all other objects are called movable property under the Civil Code (Civil Code, Paragraph 2). Therefore, objects that are attached to the land but are not fixtures (such as temporary planted trees or garden stones) are movable property. Building fixtures that are not considered to be part of the building (such as shoji screens and sliding doors) are also movable property. In addition, the Civil Code considers bearer claims (for example, bearer government bonds, gift certificates, train tickets, etc., which do not indicate the name of the creditor on the security and require the existence of a security for the claim to be established, exist, or exercise) to be movable property (Civil Code, Article 86, Paragraph 3).

Movable property and immovable property are treated differently under the law. For example, the requirement for opposing the acquisition, loss, or change of rights in immovable property is registration (Article 177), but in the case of movable property, delivery (Article 178). Furthermore, under Japanese civil law, registration has no public credibility, and therefore, in the case of immovable property, even if you acquire something belonging to another person in good faith and without negligence, it is not an immediate acquisition (good faith acquisition) (and therefore you do not acquire ownership), but in the case of movable property, immediate acquisition is permitted under certain conditions (Article 192). Furthermore, although ships, automobiles, and agricultural movable property (agricultural machinery, horses and cattle, fishing boats, etc.) are movable property, they are treated similarly to immovable property under special laws.

[Takahisa Awaji]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

土地およびその定着物を不動産といい（民法86条1項）、それ以外の物をすべて民法上動産という（同条2項）。したがって、土地に付着する物であっても、定着物でない物（仮植中の樹木や庭石など）は動産である。建物の造作も建物の構成部分とされないもの（障子、ふすまなど）は動産である。また、民法は、無記名債権（たとえば、無記名公債・商品券・乗車切符などのように、証券に債権者名を表示せず、債権の成立・存続・行使などに証券の存在を要件とする債権）を動産とみなした（86条3項）。

　動産と不動産とは法律上の取扱いを異にする。たとえば、権利の得喪・変更の対抗要件は、不動産では登記である（177条）が、動産の場合には引渡しである（178条）。また、日本の民法上、登記には公信力がなく、したがって、不動産の場合には、他人の物を善意・無過失で取得しても即時取得（善意取得）されない（したがって、所有権を取得しない）が、動産の場合には、一定要件のもとに即時取得が認められる（192条）。なお、船舶、自動車、農業用動産（農業用機械、牛馬、漁船など）などは動産であるが、特別法によって不動産に準じた取扱いがなされている。

［淡路剛久］

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