A dating method. It uses the decay of the radioisotope carbon-14 ( 14 C) into nitrogen-14 ( 14 N) to determine the age of biological remains. Living organisms take in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere and seawater, so the proportion of carbon-14 in their bodies is equal to the proportion in the atmosphere and seawater and has a constant value. After an organism dies, the proportion of carbon-14 in the body decreases due to radioactive decay, so the age can be determined by measuring the current proportion using a mass spectrometer. The half-life is usually 5730±40 years or 5568±30 years, and the current measurable range is when the body was formed 500 years ago to 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. It is widely used in fields such as geology, geography, anthropology, and archaeology because it can determine the age of wood chips, charcoal, humus, peat, bones, and shells. [Tanio Itoh and Akihiro Murata] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
年代測定法の一つ。炭素の放射性同位体、炭素14(14C)が窒素14(14N)に壊変する性質を用いて、生物遺体の生成年代を測定する方法である。生きている生物は大気中や海水中の二酸化炭素(CO2)を取り込むため、体内の炭素14の割合は大気中や海水中の割合と等しく、一定の値をもつ。生物の死後、遺体中の炭素14の割合は放射壊変によって減少していくので、質量分析器などで現在の割合を計測することで、年代を求めることができる。半減期としては、5730±40年または5568±30年という値が用いられ、現在のところ測定可能な範囲は、遺体の生成時期が500年前から3万~4万年前の場合である。木片、木炭、腐植、泥炭、骨、貝殻などの年代を知ることができるので、地質学、地理学、人類学、考古学などの分野で広く用いられている。 [伊藤谷生・村田明広] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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