Bill buying and selling market

Japanese: 手形売買市場 - てがたばいばいしじょう
Bill buying and selling market

This is a market where commercial bills and bank acceptances are bought and sold. It is also simply called the bill market. Together with the call market, it forms the interbank short-term financial market. It mainly plays the role of adjusting the surplus and shortage of funds between financial institutions, and was also important as a place for the Bank of Japan to regulate the financial market. However, as described below, its position has significantly declined since the 2000s. Most of the bills bought and sold in the market are bills issued by financial institutions ("cover bills"; secured by "original bills" such as good commercial bills and single-name bills, or public and corporate bonds), and there is very little buying and selling of "original bills" themselves. In many cases, short-term money brokers act as intermediaries in the transactions. The interest rate in this market is the bill (buying and selling) rate, which fluctuates through arbitrage with the call rate. However, the situation has changed significantly, mainly since the late 1990s. Basically, there was a remarkable contraction in the market balance, which on an end-of-year balance basis went from 17,060.3 billion yen in 1990 (Heisei 2) to 9,890.7 billion yen in 1995 and zero in 2000, while on an average balance basis it went from 16,350.5 billion yen, 8,998.6 billion yen, and 3,369.4 billion yen, respectively (even the average balance was zero from October to December 2000). Note that the Bank of Japan stopped publishing balance statistics in April 2001. The main factors behind this contraction in market size are (1) the decline in the functionality of short-term money markets due to the implementation of the Bank of Japan's "zero interest rate policy" (February 1999 - August 2000) and "quantitative easing policy" (March 2001 - March 2006) in the process of the formation, collapse, and response to the bubble economy, and (2) the contraction of "original bills" due to a trend toward a reduction in discounted bills and bill loans (lending using single-name bills). In addition, the nature of the Bank of Japan's monetary adjustment has also changed significantly. In other words, the Bank of Japan's "bill purchasing operations" began in June 1972 and played an important role as a means of supplying funds to the private sector, but under the aforementioned "zero interest rate policy" and "quantitative easing policy," the Bank of Japan's main supply of funds shifted to purchases of government bonds and "pooled collateral funds-supplying operations" (introduced in April 2006, lending as an open market operation in which the underlying collateral is the eligible collateral pledged by financial institutions to the Bank of Japan and the lending interest rate is determined by bidding). As a result, the "bill purchasing operations" have now disappeared (data source: Bank of Japan's "Financial and Economic Statistics Monthly").

[Yutaka Inoue]

[References] | Financial markets | Monetary policy | Open market operations | Short-term lenders | Bills

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

商業手形や銀行引受手形などの売買が行われる市場。単に手形市場ともいう。コール市場とともに、インターバンクの短期金融市場を形成する。おもに金融機関相互間の資金過不足を調整する機能を果たすとともに、日本銀行の金融調節の場としても重要であった。ただし後記のように、2000年代以降その位置は大きく後退した。市場で売買される手形は金融機関振出しの手形(「表紙手形」。優良な商業手形や単名手形等の「原(げん)手形」や公社債などを担保とする)がほとんどで、「原手形」自体の売買は僅少(きんしょう)である。多くの場合、短資業者が取引を仲介する。この市場での取引金利が手形(売買)レートで、コールレートとの裁定などを通じて変動する。だが、おもに1990年代後半以降の状況は大きく変化した。基本的には市場残高の顕著な縮小で、末残高ベースでは1990年(平成2)の17兆0603億円から1995年9兆8907億円、2000年ゼロ、平均残高ベースではそれぞれ16兆3505億円、8兆9986億円、3兆3694億円(2000年10~12月には平均残高でもゼロ)と推移した。なお、2001年4月からは日本銀行による残高統計自体が公表中止となった。このような市場規模縮小のおもな要因は、(1)バブル経済の形成・崩壊・対応の過程での日本銀行の「ゼロ金利政策」(1999年2月~2000年8月)や「量的緩和政策」(2001年3月~2006年3月)展開の下での短期金融市場の機能後退、(2)割引手形や手形貸付(単名手形による貸付)形態の貸出の趨勢(すうせい)的な縮小による「原手形」の縮小、などである。また、日本銀行による金融調節の場の面も大きく変化した。すなわち、1972年(昭和47)6月より日本銀行の「手形買いオペレーション」が開始され、民間への資金供給手段として重要な地位を占めていたが、前記の「ゼロ金利政策」や「量的緩和政策」などの下で、日本銀行のおもな資金供給は国債買入れや「共通担保資金供給オペレーション」(2006年4月導入、金融機関が日本銀行に差し入れている適格担保を根担保とし、貸付金利を入札で行う公開市場操作としての貸付)に移行したのである。このため、現在「手形買いオペレーション」は消滅している(計数出所は日本銀行『金融経済統計月報』)。

[井上 裕]

[参照項目] | 金融市場 | 金融政策 | 公開市場操作 | 短資業者 | 手形

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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