Tilapia - tilapia (English spelling)

Japanese: ティラピア - てぃらぴあ(英語表記)tilapia
Tilapia - tilapia (English spelling)

A general term for the African lineage of the Cichlidae family of the Perciformes, class of Bony Fishes. Freshwater fish. There are about 800 known species, of which three-quarters live in the Great Lakes (Lake Tanganyika, Lake Malawi, etc.) and their surrounding areas in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa.

They were imported to Japan in the late 1950s after World War II for ornamental and aquaculture purposes, but since the taxonomic genus was Tilapia at the time, this species was collectively called tilapia. Fish in this family are characterized by having one nostril on each side, and the left and right hypopharyngeal bones fused together to form a single triangular bony plate. The body is laterally compressed, and the lateral line is divided into an upper lateral line and a lower lateral line. There are four gills, and the anal fin has 3 to 10 spines. There is a wide variety of morphology and ecology. In terms of morphology, there are species that have the general appearance of marine bony fishes, such as sea bass, wrasse, sea bream, and gobies. Correspondingly, in terms of ecology, there are all kinds of feeding habits, such as fish eaters, small animal eaters, macroalgae eaters, epiphytic algae eaters, zooplankton eaters, and phytoplankton eaters, as well as species that scrape off the scales of other fish species and eat their young and eggs. Such examples of adaptive radiation within a single family are rare, making them good subjects for researchers interested in speciation.

Many tilapia species are known for mouth-feeding their young. Such fish are called mouth breeders. There are several types of mouth-feeding, but the most common is that the female holds eggs in her mouth, where they hatch and raise the larvae. The eggs are 1.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter, and the female puts dozens to hundreds of them in her mouth, so as the eggs in her belly mature, the volume of the female's oral cavity increases. To obtain the oxygen needed for the eggs, the female moves her mouth to stir the eggs in her mouth. After the hatched larvae absorb the egg yolk, they leave the mouth to search for food. However, they gather around the mother's mouth for a while, and when they sense danger, they enter the mother's mouth. Mouth-feeding reduces the early mortality rate of larvae, and as a result, the number of eggs in mouth-feeding species is low, at most a few hundred. Non-mouth-feeding species have several thousand eggs.

Of the 12 or 13 species that have been introduced to Japan, three species have become naturalized in Kagoshima Prefecture, Okinawa Prefecture, and Chichijima Island in the Ogasawara Islands: Oreochromis mossambicus , the Nile cichlid O. niloticus , and the zilli tilapia Tilapia zillii . Of these, the Nile cichlid O. niloticus is also called Izumidai or Chikadai, and is farmed for food. It grows quickly, reaching a total length of 50 centimeters. Zilli tilapia mature 4 to 6 months after hatching, and are said to be able to spawn about every 50 days thereafter. Due to their vigorous reproductive ability, they are considered promising as a farmed fish.

[Tetsuji Nakabo]

Aquaculture

The species currently being cultivated in Japan is the Nile cichlid. It grows quickly, is omnivorous, adapts to harsh environments, and is rarely affected by diseases, so cultivation is rapidly increasing in various places. The optimum temperature for habitation and spawning is 24 to 32 degrees Celsius, and within this range, it spawns all year round. When spawning, the male digs a spawning bed in the bottom of the pond, 1 to 2 meters in diameter and 15 to 30 centimeters deep, and induces the female to spawn there. The number of eggs laid varies depending on the size of the female, but usually several hundred. The fertilized eggs hatch in the female's mouth after one week, and become independent after another one to two weeks of oral nursing. The young fish are fed with daphnia, but mixed feed is also used. At first, they are fed animal-based feed, but as they grow, they begin to prefer plant-based feed. The eggs laid in May and June reach 40 to 70 grams by the end of October. They are allowed to overwinter, and by the autumn of the following year, they are shipped when they have grown to over 800 grams. It is delicious as sashimi, grilled with salt, simmered, or fried.

[Yoshiaki Deguchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

硬骨魚綱スズキ目カワスズメ科Cichlidaeのうちアフリカ産の系統の総称。淡水魚。約800種が知られているが、そのうち4分の3は東アフリカの大地溝帯(リフトバレー)にある大湖群(タンガニーカ湖、マラウイ湖など)とその周辺域に集中して生息している。

 日本には第二次世界大戦後の昭和20年代後半から、観賞用や養殖用に輸入されたが、そのときの分類学上の属名がティラピア属とされていたため、この類はティラピアと総称された。この科の魚は、鼻孔が各側に1個で、左右の下咽頭骨(かいんとうこつ)が癒合し三角形の一骨板を形成しているのが特徴。体は側扁(そくへん)し、体側線は上側線と下側線に二分される。えらは4個。臀(しり)びれ棘(きょく)条は3~10本。形態と生態は多様である。形態ではスズキ、ベラ、タイ、ハゼ類など海産硬骨魚類が示すひととおりの姿をしたものがいる。これに対応して生態では、魚食者、小動物食者、大形藻類食者、付着藻類食者、動物プランクトン食者、植物プランクトン食者と、あらゆる種類の食性をもつもののほか、ほかの魚種の鱗(うろこ)をかすめ取って食べる種や、稚仔(ちし)魚や卵を食べる種までいる。一つの科で、このような適応放散の例は珍しく、種分化に関心をもつ研究者のよい研究対象となっている。

 ティラピア類の多くは自分の稚魚を口内哺育(ほいく)することで有名である。このような魚をマウスブリーダーmouth breederという。口内哺育にはいくつかの様式があるが、もっとも普通のものは雌が卵を口にくわえて、そこで卵をかえし仔魚を育てるものである。卵径は1.5~2.0ミリメートルで、これを数十から数百粒も口に入れるため、腹中の卵が熟してくると、雌の口腔(こうこう)の容積が大きくなる。卵に必要な酸素を得るため、雌は口を動かして口中の卵をかき回す。孵化(ふか)した仔魚は卵黄を吸収したあとは、索餌(さくじ)のため口内から外へ出る。しかし、しばらくは母親の口の周囲に集まっており、危険を感じると母親の口の中に入る。口内哺育は稚仔魚の初期死亡率を低くしており、それと関連して、口内哺育をする種の卵数は多くても数百粒と少なくなっている。非口内哺育種の卵数は数千粒である。

 日本には12、3種が移入されているが、カワスズメOreochromis mossambicus、ナイルカワスズメO. niloticus、ジルティラピアTilapia zilliiの3種が、鹿児島県、沖縄県、小笠原(おがさわら)諸島の父島で野生化している。このうちナイルカワスズメはイズミダイ、チカダイともよばれ、食用に養殖されている。成長が速く全長50センチメートルになる。ジルティラピアは孵化後4~6か月で成熟し、以後約50日の周期で産卵できるといい、繁殖力が旺盛(おうせい)なので養殖魚として有望視されている。

[中坊徹次]

養殖

現在、日本で養殖されている種はナイルカワスズメである。成長が速く、雑食性で、悪環境にも適応し、病害の発生も少ないので、養殖は各地において急速に増加しつつある。生息、産卵適温は24~32℃で、この範囲であれば周年産卵する。産卵に際して雄は直径1、2メートル、深さ15~30センチメートルの産卵床を池底に掘り、ここに雌を誘導して産卵させる。産卵数は雌の大きさで異なるが、普通数百粒である。受精卵は雌の口内で1週間後に孵化し、さらに1、2週間の口内哺育を経て自立する。稚魚にはミジンコを与えるが、配合飼料も併用する。初めは動物質餌料をとるが、成長するにしたがって植物質餌料を好むようになる。5、6月に産卵されたものは10月末には40~70グラムに達する。これを越冬させ、翌年の秋までに800グラム以上にして出荷する。刺身、塩焼き、煮物、揚げ物として美味である。

[出口吉昭]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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