A general term for compounds in the form of hydroxides that dissolve in water. In very ancient times, Arabians called plant ashes (the main component of land plants is potassium carbonate, and of sea plants is sodium carbonate) alkali. Al is an article and kali means ash. This was later generalized to mean any substance extracted from ashes or anything with similar properties, i.e., strong alkalinity. Today, the term mostly refers to hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals that dissolve in water. In a broader sense, it can also include carbonates, phosphates, ammonia, and amines of sodium and potassium. Examples include sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) NaOH, potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) KOH, and sodium carbonate (washing soda) Na 2 CO 3・10H 2 O. [Nakahara Katsunori] Alkaline and alkaline reactionsThe properties of alkali are called alkalinity. An aqueous solution of an alkali has a lye-like taste, cleanses fats and oils like soapy water, turns red litmus blue, and neutralizes acids at a hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of 7 or higher. The term was originally used to describe the properties of strong bases such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, but is now used more broadly to mean the same thing as basicity. Reactions exhibited by substances that have alkaline properties are sometimes called alkaline reactions. Examples include changing the color of a pigment or precipitating insoluble metal hydroxides from an aqueous solution. Also, generally speaking, things that are alkaline are sometimes classified as "alkaline" (for example, alkaline mineral springs are called alkaline springs), but this is not always the case. For example, when we say alkaline food, we are not referring to the food itself that is alkaline, but rather to foods whose inorganic composition is alkaline, that is, foods in which the components that are alkaline as hydroxides, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, are in a higher molar ratio than the components that are acidic, such as chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur. The degree of alkalinity in this case is called alkalinity, and foods with a high alkalinity are called alkaline foods, and foods with a high alkalinity are called acidic foods. [Nakahara Katsunori] "Inorganic Process Chemistry" by Taijiro Okabe (1993, Maruzen) "Dictionary of Compounds" edited by Susumu Takamoto, Naoki Inamoto, Katsumi Nakahara, and Akira Yamazaki (1997/Popular Edition, 2010, Asakura Publishing) [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |sodium | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
水酸化物の形式の化合物で、水に溶解する物質の総称。きわめて古い時代、アラビア人は植物の灰(陸の植物では主成分が炭酸カリウム、海の植物では主成分が炭酸ナトリウム)をアルカリとよんでいた。alは冠詞で、kaliは灰の意である。これがその後に一般化され、灰から抽出した物質、およびそれに似た性質、すなわち強い塩基性を示すものをすべてアルカリとよぶようになった。現在では主としてアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物で水に溶けるものをさすことが多い。さらに広い意味で、これらのほかにナトリウムやカリウムの炭酸塩、リン酸塩、アンモニア、アミンなどを含めていうこともある。水酸化ナトリウム(カ性ソーダ)NaOH、水酸化カリウム(カ性カリ)KOH、炭酸ナトリウム(洗濯ソーダ)Na2CO3・10H2Oなどがその例である。 [中原勝儼] アルカリ性とアルカリ性反応アルカリのもつ性質をアルカリ性という。水溶液が灰汁(あく)のような味をもち、せっけん水のように油脂類を洗浄し、赤色リトマスを青色に変え、水素イオン濃度(pH)7以上で酸を中和する。この語はもともと水酸化カリウムや水酸化ナトリウムなどの強い塩基の性質を示すことばとして用いられてきたが、現在ではさらに広くなって塩基性と同じ意味で用いられている。アルカリ性をもつものの示す反応をアルカリ性反応ということがある。たとえば、色素の色を変えたり、水溶液中から不溶性の金属水酸化物を沈殿させたりするなどがその例である。 また一般にアルカリ性を示すものを、分類名として「アルカリ――」とよぶことがある(たとえばアルカリ性を示す鉱泉をアルカリ性泉という)が、かならずしもそうではない場合もある。たとえばアルカリ性食品というときは、食品自体がアルカリ性を示すのではなく、その成分のうちの無機質の組成がアルカリ性、すなわちナトリウム、カリウム、カルシウムなど水酸化物となってアルカリ性を示す成分が、塩素、リン、硫黄など酸性をなす成分に比べてモル比で多いような食品をいう。このときのアルカリ性の程度をアルカリ度といい、アルカリ度の高いものをアルカリ性食品、その逆を酸性食品といっている。 [中原勝儼] 『岡部泰二郎著『無機プロセス化学』(1993・丸善)』▽『高本進・稲本直樹・中原勝儼・山崎昶編『化合物の辞典』(1997/普及版・2010・朝倉書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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