(1) When two lines l and l ' intersect in a plane or space, l and l' are said to be orthogonal when l '' is a symmetrical projection of l' with l as the axis and overlaps with l '. Even if they do not intersect, l and l' can be said to be orthogonal when a line parallel to l' that intersects with l is orthogonal to l . Regarding a line l and a plane π, l and π are said to be orthogonal when any line in the plane π that intersects with l is orthogonal to l. (2) The condition for orthogonality can be expressed by the Pythagorean theorem, so in vector spaces, the Pythagorean theorem is generally handled using the inner product. Thus, in a vector space V where the inner product is considered, two vectors x and y are said to be orthogonal when the inner product x・y = 0. In this case, the zero vector is considered to be orthogonal to all vectors. In addition, for subspaces A and B , when any x ∈ A and y ∈ B are orthogonal, A and B are said to be orthogonal. (3) When V is a function space, the concept of orthogonality can be considered by the inner product between functions, and the spectral theorem can be considered. This is the theory of Hilbert spaces, which originated from the theory of integral equations. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
(1) 平面または空間で交わる2直線 l と l' があるとき,l を軸として l' を対称に写した l'' が l' と重なるとき,l と l' は直交するという。交わらないときでも,l と交わる l' に平行な直線が l と直交するときに,l と l' を直交するということもある。直線 l と平面πについては,平面π内の l と交わる任意の直線が l と直交するとき,l とπは直交するという。 (2) 直交性の条件は,ピタゴラスの定理で表わせるので,一般にベクトル空間では,内積を使ってピタゴラスの定理を扱うことになる。それで,内積の考えられたベクトル空間 V で,2つのベクトル x と y は,内積 x・y=0 のときに直交するという。この場合,零ベクトルはすべてのベクトルと直交すると考える。また,部分空間 A ,B について,任意の x∈A と y∈B が直交するとき,A と B は直交するという。 (3) V が関数空間の場合は,関数の間の内積によって直交概念が考えられ,スペクトル定理が考えられる。これが,積分方程式論に端を発したヒルベルト空間論である。
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