Chuuma

A land transport method using packhorses in early modern Shinano (Nagano Prefecture). Shinano had the Nakasendo, Koshu Dochu, Hokkoku Kaido, Hokkoku Waki ​​Kaido, Ina Kaido, Itoigawa Kaido, and Hida Kaido, and the post towns were not as well developed as the Five Kaido. From the early modern period, farmers had been earning wages and selling goods in castle towns, but gradually transport companies appeared in the southwestern counties, and in addition to Shinano, they also expanded into Owari, Mikawa, Mino, Kai, Edo, Suruga, and Sagami. The characteristic of this custom was that the post town wholesalers and Nakama were at odds with each other, but in 1673 (Enpo 1) and 1693 (Genroku 6), the Shogunate Council recognized the custom of Nakama transporting merchants' luggage on the Ina Highway. In 1739 (Genbun 4), Suwa and Nakama Village in Ina County filed a lawsuit with six post towns along the Koshu Highway over the collection of commission fees, and the matter was settled the following year, and the two sides were reconciled as before. Then, in 1764 (Meiwa 1), the results of the ruling determined the types of Nakama luggage for each road, and the rest were treated as inn-connecting luggage, and the post town commission fees for Nakama transportation were also determined, and the number of horses per village was fixed for Nakama Village. The Ina Highway from Matsumoto to Iida was the main route. The number of horses was 7,849 in Ina County, 4,680 in Suwa County, 3,178 in Azumi County, 2,525 in Chikuma County, few in Chiisagata, Takai, Hanishina, and Sarashina counties, and none in Saku County. The total number was 18,614. The conflict between Nakauma and Yado continued after the Meiji Restoration. After the Meiji Restoration, Nakauma became the Naka Cattle and Horse Company and Yado became the Land Transport Company, but in 1873 (Meiji 6), the two companies merged, with the former handling transportation and the latter becoming a cargo wholesaler.

[Junichiro Fujimura]

"The Collected Works of Toshio Furushima, Vol. 4: Research on Shinshu Chuuma" (1974, University of Tokyo Press)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

近世信濃(しなの)（長野県）において行われた駄馬による陸上輸送手段。信濃では中山道(なかせんどう)、甲州道中、北国(ほっこく)街道、北国脇(わき)街道、伊那(いな)街道、糸魚川(いといがわ)街道、飛騨(ひだ)街道があり、宿場は五街道ほどには整備されていなかった。近世初頭から農民の駄賃(だちん)稼ぎと城下町での物資の販売は行われていたが、しだいに南西部の諸郡で輸送業者が発生し、信濃以外に、尾張(おわり)、三河、美濃(みの)、甲斐(かい)、江戸、駿河(するが)、相模(さがみ)にも進出した。特色は付け通しであったから宿場の問屋と中馬が対立し、1673年（延宝1）、93年（元禄6）に幕府評定所(ひょうじょうしょ)は伊那街道での中馬の商人荷物運送を慣行として認めた。1739年（元文4）に諏訪(すわ)、伊那郡の中馬村が甲州道中六か宿と口銭(こうせん)徴集をめぐって訴訟になり、翌年内済(ないさい)し従来どおり相対(あいたい)となった。ついで1764年（明和1）には裁許の結果、街道ごとに中馬荷物の品目を定め、その他は宿継(しゅくつぎ)荷物とし、中馬運送の宿場口銭も定められ、中馬村も一村ごとの馬数が一定された。松本から飯田への伊那街道が中心である。馬数は伊那郡7849疋(ひき)、諏訪郡4680、安曇(あずみ)郡3178、筑摩(ちくま)郡2525、小県(ちいさがた)、高井、埴科(はにしな)、更級(さらしな)の諸郡は少なく、佐久郡はない。総数1万8614疋である。中馬と宿の対立はその後も継続した。明治維新後には、中馬は中牛馬会社、宿は陸運会社となり対立したが、1873年（明治6）両社合併し、前者が運送にあたり、後者が荷問屋となった。

［藤村潤一郎］

『『古島敏雄著作集　四　信州中馬の研究』（1974・東京大学出版会）』

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