Stream of consciousness

Japanese: 意識の流れ - いしきのながれ(英語表記)stream of consciousness
Stream of consciousness

A literary term. It refers to an experimental technique that attempts to express the psychological movements of characters as directly as possible. It was mainly used by 20th century modernist writers. The name comes from William James's argument in Principles of Psychology (1890) that human consciousness is not a series of fragmentary chunks, but is always a continuous flow, and therefore should be called "a stream of thought, consciousness, or subjective life." The term first became established when the British female writer May Sinclair (1863-1946) used it to describe Dorothy Richardson's series Pilgrimage (1915-1938). It is a type of internal monologue (internal monologue, monologue intérieur) in that it uses the monologue of a character in the work, but rather than explaining thoughts in a dramatic or logical order, it expresses all of the functions of consciousness, such as perceptions, impressions, emotions, memories, associations, and intellectual thinking, as they arise and disappear, without being bound by logical context. Typographical conventions such as capital letters at the beginning of a sentence, punctuation marks, and syntax are often ignored.

In terms of attempting to accurately and realistically express psychological movements, it can be said to be one of the conclusions reached by realist novels, but in terms of presenting the state of consciousness before it is organized by words, it is an attempt to express something that is inherently inexpressible, and aims to go beyond realism. This is where the motivation arises for words to be freed from their role in conveying meaning and begin to perform their own function. Representative writers who used this technique include the aforementioned Richardson, Édouard Dujardin (1861-1949), Virginia Woolf, and William Faulkner, but the most typical example is the half-asleep monologue of married woman Molly in the final chapter of James Joyce's Ulysses (1922).

[Yuichi Takamatsu]

[References] | Woolf | James | Joyce | Faulkner | Richardson

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

文学用語。作中人物の心理の動きをできる限り直接的に表現しようとする実験的な手法をさす。主として20世紀モダニズム文学の作家たちが用いた。名称の由来は、ウィリアム・ジェームズが『心理学原理』(1890)のなかで、人間の意識は断片的な塊(かたまり)をつなぎ合わせたものではなくて、いつも切れ目なしに流れているのだから、「思考、意識、または主観的生命の流れ」とよぶのがいいと主張したことによる。イギリスの女流作家メイ・シンクレアMay Sinclair(1863―1946)が、ドロシー・リチャードソンの連作『巡礼』(1915~1938)を評してこのことばを用いたのが定着した。作中人物の独白体を用いる点では内的独白(internal monologue, monologue intérieur)の一種であるが、思考を劇的にまたは論理的に整理して説明するのではなく、知覚、印象、感情、記憶、連想、知的思考など、意識の働きのいっさいを、生成消滅のままに、論理的な脈絡にとらわれずに表現する。文頭の大文字、句読点などの表記上の約束や、統語法はしばしば無視される。

 心理の動きを正確に写実的に表現しようとする点では、リアリズム小説が到達した一つの帰結であるといえるが、ことばによって整理される前の意識の状態を提示しようとする点では、本来表現しえないものを表現する試みであり、リアリズムを超えるものを目ざしている。ことばが意味伝達の役割から解き放たれて、独自の機能を営み始める動機がここに生じる。この手法を用いた代表的な作家には、前記リチャードソンのほか、エドゥワール・デュジャルダンÉdouard Dujardin(1861―1949)、バージニア・ウルフ、ウィリアム・フォークナーらがいるが、もっとも典型的な例としては、ジェームズ・ジョイスの『ユリシーズ』(1922)最終章における、人妻モリーの夢うつつの独白をあげることができる。

[高松雄一]

[参照項目] | ウルフ | ジェームズ | ジョイス | フォークナー | リチャードソン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Masonry - Gypsum

>>:  Consciousness - Bewusstheit [German]

Recommend

Normality (English spelling)

The unit of concentration of a solution is called...

Kudzuya (scrap shop) - Kudzuya

In the early modern period, there were already was...

Iron Cross

...There are a huge number of varieties, with as ...

Holdings - Mochidaka

In the Edo period, this referred to the amount of ...

Circulatory disorder

A general term for a condition in which blood circ...

Izukura Yokocho - Izukura Yokocho

…In the early Edo period, the area flourished as ...

Droysen - Johann Gustav Droysen

German historian and politician. Born in Treptow,...

Kibune

…The city is located on the west bank of the Tenr...

Minya Gongga (mountain)

It is the main peak of the Da Xue Mountains, locat...

Nanshuji Temple

This temple is of the Rinzai sect of Buddhism, Da...

Guardian's Office - Shugosho

Locations of Shugokan from the Kamakura to Muromac...

"Book of Education for the Daughter of the Knight La Tour-Landry"

...The translation of the priest André's &quo...

Ginnu - Ginnu

…It is found in the East China Sea and south of c...

Seal registration - inkan toroku

...This is because a person may have multiple sea...

Nanjing

Ning is a sub-provincial city (a prefecture-level...