A nuclear weapon designed to kill people primarily with neutrons. Ordinary nuclear weapons have the effects of destruction by blast, incendiary effects by heat rays, immediate radiation effects by neutrons and gamma rays, and residual effects by radioactive fallout, but this emphasizes the immediate radiation effect. In 1967, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC, the predecessor of ERDA) announced that it was researching and developing neutron bombs and pure fusion bombs. In 1977, the U.S. government decided to produce a neutron bomb for the warhead of the battlefield missile "Lance," which is said to have the following effects: (1) At a distance of about 130 meters from the hypocenter, all buildings and vehicles are destroyed and personnel are killed instantly. (2) At 800 meters, personnel are instantly incapacitated and almost 100% die, but no physical destruction occurs. (3) At 1,600 meters, deaths and radiation sickness occur. (4) At 2,000 meters, the effect is almost completely gone. These characteristics made it suitable for use as a frontline weapon and for urban warfare, and it was planned to produce it for 200mm and 155mm artillery shells. Strategically, NATO countries were interested in nuclear weapons because they were very small and would cause little damage to noncombatants or nonmilitary targets, increasing the possibility of their use and lowering the threshold for so-called nuclear weapons, thereby extending nuclear deterrence to conventional war. However, some also warned of the danger of conventional wars escalating easily into nuclear war, and warned of the radioactivity of carbon-14 produced when neutrons bombard nitrogen in the air. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
主として中性子による人員殺傷を目的とする核兵器。普通の核兵器は爆風による破壊,熱線による焼夷効果および中性子,ガンマ線による即時放射効果と放射性物質の降下による残留効果をもつが,そのうち即時放射効果を強調したものである。 1967年アメリカの原子力委員会 (AEC。 ERDAの前身) は,中性子爆弾と純融合爆弾を研究開発中であると発表した。 77年アメリカ政府が生産を決定したものは,戦場用ミサイル「ランス」の弾頭用のもので,次のような効果をもつものといわれる。 (1) 爆心からの距離約 130mで,すべての建物や車両が破壊され,人員は即死する。 (2) 800mで,人員は即時能力を喪失,ほとんど 100%死亡するが物理的破壊は起らない。 (3) 1600mで死亡者と放射障害患者が生じる。 (4) 2000mで,ほとんど効果はなくなる。このような特性は,第一線兵器として,かつまた市街戦用として適当なものとされており,200mmおよび 155mm砲弾用にも生産される計画であった。戦略的には,超小型で,非戦闘員,非軍事目標に損害を及ぼすことの少い核兵器で,その使用の可能性を増し,いわゆる核兵器の敷居を低くすることによって,核抑止力を通常戦争にまで作用するものとして北大西洋条約機構諸国に関心がもたれていた。しかしまた,通常戦争が容易に核戦争にエスカレートする危険性を説き,中性子が空気中の窒素に照射して生じる炭素 14の放射性について警告する者もいる。
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