A type of force acting on an object (strictly speaking, a point mass, a mass that has no extension or can be neglected), whose strength is determined only by the distance from the center of the force to the object, and whose direction is along a line connecting the center of the force and the object. The motion of two isolated points of mass is generally divided into their center of mass motion and relative motion, the former being free motion without the action of force, either at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line. The latter is equivalent to the motion of a single particle under the force acting between the points of mass. The center of force corresponds to the case where the relative distance is zero. The characteristic of a central force is that a point of mass moving under its action preserves its angular momentum, that is, the vector product r×p of the position coordinate r from the center of force and the momentum p. Kepler's second law of planetary motion, the law of constant areal velocity, is derived from this conservation of angular momentum. Furthermore, because angular momentum is conserved as a vector, its motion is limited to a plane. In this example, the motion of a planet is approximately centered on the sun, which is much heavier than the planet, under the force of universal gravitation as the central force. Other examples of central forces include the Coulomb force, which acts between charged particles, such as electrons and protons. An example of a non-central force is the nuclear force, which acts between nucleons (neutrons and protons) through mesons. [Yasuhisa Abe] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物体(厳密には、質点、質量をもつが、広がりをもたないかまたは無視しうる)に働く力の一種で、その強さが力の中心から物体までの距離だけで決まり、その方向が力の中心と物体を結ぶ直線に沿っているものをいう。孤立した二つの質点の運動は、一般にそれらの重心運動と相対運動に分けられ、前者は力の作用のない自由運動であり、静止しているかまたは等速直線運動を行う。後者は、質点間に働く力のもとでの一粒子運動と等価である。力の中心は、相対距離がゼロの場合に対応している。中心力の特徴は、その作用のもとで運動する質点がその角運動量、すなわち力の中心からの位置座標rと運動量pのベクトル積r×pを保存することである。惑星の運動に関するケプラーの第二法則、面積速度一定の法則は、この角運動量の保存から導かれる。さらにベクトルとして角運動量を保存することから、その運動は平面上に限られる。惑星の運動はこの例で、中心力としての万有引力のもとで、惑星に比べ非常に重い太陽を近似的に力の中心としている。中心力の例としては、ほかに荷電粒子間、たとえば電子や陽子間に働くクーロン力などがある。非中心力の例としては、核子(中性子および陽子)間に中間子を媒介として働く核力が知られている。 [阿部恭久] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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