Hanging - Hanging

…The increase in the productivity of small farmers also led to the downsizing of large-scale handicraft farms, which were then handed over to tenant farmers, giving rise to the so-called second form of land tenancy. [Abiko Rin]
[Various aspects of the early modern tenant farming system]
The Jikata Honreiroku, the most systematic local book on early modern tenant farming, states that "farmers entrusted their own fields to other farmers, whether they were in their own village or another village, to be cultivated, or took their fields as pawn and had them cultivated by the original landowner or another person. In addition to the annual tax, they received surplus rice or rice income, and were made to produce as much as possible per tan of land. This originally referred to as tsukuda, but came to be called secular tenant farming." It was also called yosaku, shisaku, okitekusaku, kensaku, oroshisaku, or kakehashi. Most of the tenanted land was fields, but land use categories such as house sites and forests were also included, and in some areas livestock such as horses and cattle were also included in the tenant farming.

*Some of the terminology that refers to "kakehachi" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…また小農生産力の上昇は手作大経営を縮小させ，その分を小作に出して，いわゆる第2次名田小作の形態を発生させた。【安孫子 麟】
［近世小作制度の諸相］
　近世の小作については最も体系化された地方書である《地方（じかた）凡例録》では，〈自分所持の田畑を居村･他村たりとも他の百姓へ預け作らせ，又は田畑を質地に取り，元地主にても別人にても小作させ，年貢の外に余米又は入米などゝと云て，壱反に何程と作徳を極め作らするを云，元来は佃と云ものなれども，世俗小作と唱へ来る〉と述べており，預作，下作，掟作，請作，卸作，掛け放ちなどとも呼ばれた。小作地の大部分は田畑であるが，屋敷地，山林などの地目も対象となり，一部の地域では牛馬などの家畜も小作の対象となっている。…

※「掛け放ち」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報