Pilgrimage to Ise

Japanese: 伊勢参り - いせまいり
Pilgrimage to Ise

A style of pilgrimage based on faith in Ise Jingu. It is also called Ise-sangu. In ancient times, Ise Jingu was the ancestral deity of the imperial family, and worship was only possible with imperial permission. Therefore, not only the general public, but even the nobility was not permitted to make personal visits. As the Ritsuryo system continued to decline, it came under the influence of general pilgrimages to shrines and temples, and became an object of faith for the people. Meanwhile, within Ise Jingu, organizations of Oshi were formed to respond to the faith of the people. They expanded the number of local parishioners by arranging lodging for pilgrimages and distributing sacred talismans such as taima. In addition to the activities of Oshi, the formation of Ise-ko and Shinmei-ko is also noteworthy. This was largely due to the Oshi's activities to visit the temple, but in the early modern period, their numbers increased and they became stable as daisan-ko. Thus, from the end of the Middle Ages through to the early modern period, Ise pilgrimages flourished as they gained a fairly wide range of followers. During this time, the idea that one should make a pilgrimage to Ise at least once in one's lifetime was born. This idea formed the basis for the popularity of Ise dance and the rise of o-e-mairi (visiting the shrine for a special someone). o-e-mairi is a pilgrimage by enthusiastic crowds that takes place once every 60 years or so, and is said to have been so named because people could join in with only the clothes on their backs, thanks to the support of residents along the route. Additionally, young people who join without permission from their parents or employers are called 'nuke-mairi' (a pilgrimage without permission). Many rituals are observed on pilgrimages to Ise, such as walking up a hill when departing and when returning.

[Masaru Sasaki]

[Reference] | O-e-mairi

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

伊勢神宮に対する信仰を基盤にした参詣(さんけい)の様式。伊勢参宮ともいう。古代の伊勢神宮は皇室の祖先神ということで、勅許によらなければ参拝することはできなかった。したがって、一般民衆はもとより貴族にしても個人的な参拝は許されるものではなかった。律令(りつりょう)制の衰退が進むなかで、一般の社寺参詣の影響を受けるようになり、民衆の信仰の対象となっていった。一方、伊勢神宮の内部からも、こうした民衆の信仰心にこたえるべく、御師(おし)の組織を形成した。そして、参宮のための宿泊の手配や大麻(たいま)などの神札の頒布を通して、地方の檀家(だんか)を拡大していった。また御師の活躍と並んで特筆されるのが、伊勢講や神明講の結成である。これは御師の回檀活動によるところが大であろうが、近世には数も増えて代参講として安定した。こうして中世末期から近世にかけて、かなり広範囲の信者を獲得するに至り、伊勢参りも隆盛を極めた。そうしたなかで、一生に一度はお伊勢参りをするものという通念が生み出された。こうした通念が基盤となって、伊勢踊の流行やお陰参りの勃発(ぼっぱつ)をみることになった。お陰参りは約60年に一度の周期で起こった熱狂的な群衆による参宮で、沿道の住民の施行(せぎょう)によって、着の身着のままでも参加できたのでこの名があるともいわれる。また、年少者が、親や雇い主などの許可なしに加わることを抜け参りといった。なお、伊勢参りには、出発や帰還時に坂迎えなどのような多くの儀礼がみられる。

[佐々木勝]

[参照項目] | お陰参り

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