Underground movement

Japanese: 地下運動 - ちかうんどう(英語表記)underground movement
Underground movement

Generally refers to anti-government or anti-establishment movements that are carried out covertly or illegally. Historically, this includes revolutionary movements such as those of communist parties in various countries during the illegal era. The resistance under the Nazi regime was also an anti-government or anti-establishment ideological, political, and military activity. However, even if an activity is not necessarily anti-government or anti-establishment, it may go underground for fear of repression because it is considered undesirable by the government or the establishment. For example, in socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and former Eastern Europe, literary and religious movements that went against the government's will and ideology continued to exist as underground movements. The claims and reports of such movements were published as underground publications (called samizdat in the Soviet Union) and were taken out and published not only within the country but also abroad.

An example of a new form of underground movement would be the hippie movement, which literally appeared under the name of underground or underground in the mid-1960s in the highly industrialized, urbanized, and controlled consumer society of the United States and other countries. In this case, it refers to a movement of young people who practice anti-technological and anti-material communes, aiming to form a "counterculture" as a protest or criticism against the lifestyle and culture of the mainstream of society (the so-called establishment), or to create an "alternative society" that seeks to confirm their own identities and realize a new form of coexistence. These underground movements make organized efforts to gain sympathizers through extremely active propaganda and information activities, and also work to rescue dropouts and drug addicts.

[Yoshiaki Iizaka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に非公然的あるいは非合法的に行われる反政府もしくは反体制運動をさす。歴史的には、非合法時代の各国共産党などの革命運動がこれにあたる。また、ナチ体制下におけるレジスタンスもこうした反政府、反体制の思想的、政治的、軍事的活動であった。ただし、かならずしも反政府、反体制でない活動でも、それが政府や体制の側からみて好ましくないと考えられるために、弾圧を恐れて地下に潜る場合がある。たとえば、ソ連やかつての東欧などの社会主義国のなかで政府の意向やイデオロギーに反する文芸運動や宗教活動が、地下運動として存続した。そうした運動の主張や報告は、地下出版物(ソ連の場合はサミズダートとよばれた)として国内のみならず国外にも持ち出されて出版された。

 地下運動の新しい形態としては、文字どおりアンダーグラウンドあるいはアングラの名のもとに、1960年代中葉からアメリカその他の高度に工業化、都市化、管理化した消費社会のなかに現れたヒッピーなどの運動があげられるであろう。この場合は、社会の主流をなす側(いわゆるエスタブリッシュメント)の生活様式や文化に対する抗議ないし批判としての「対抗文化」の形成、あるいは自分たちの自己確認と新たな共生の実現を図る「もう一つの社会(オールターナティブ・ソサエティー)」を志向するものであって、反技術的、反物質的な共同生活(コミューン)を実践する若者たちの運動をさす。こうしたアングラ運動では、きわめて活発な宣伝・情報活動によって同調者を得ようとする組織的努力がなされ、社会の脱落者(いわゆるドロップアウト)や麻薬患者などの救済にも努めている。

[飯坂良明]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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