Child, Charles Manning

Japanese: チャイルド(英語表記)Child, Charles Manning
Child, Charles Manning
Born February 2, 1869 in Ypsilanti, Michigan.
[Died] December 19, 1954. Palo Alto, California. American zoologist. Researched at the University of Chicago (1895-1934). Professor at the same university since 1916. Planaria and hydra were known to regenerate from each piece of tissue when chopped into small pieces, but Child found that regeneration was directional, that is, the head regenerated from the end of the tissue piece closest to the head, and the tail regenerated from the end closest to the tail. To explain this observation, he hypothesized that there was a kind of gradient from head to tail along the axis of the individual, and proposed a theory that this gradient is preserved within each piece of tissue even when the individual is cut into small pieces, and determines the position where organs differentiate. Child considered the actual substance of the gradient to be the concentration gradient of chemical substances. Today, this is called a physiological gradient, and is one of the basic concepts in embryology. He came to Japan as a Rockefeller professor from 1930 to 1931, and lectured at Tohoku University.

child
Child, Lydia Maria

Born February 11, 1802 in Medford, Massachusetts.
[Died] October 20, 1880. Wayland, Massachusetts. American female writer and social reformer. Maiden name Francis. In addition to historical novels such as Hobomok (1824), she also founded Juvenile Miscellany, America's first monthly magazine for children, in 1826. Her anti-slavery essay An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans (33) caused a great stir. She also wrote essays on women's issues.

child
Child, Sir Josiah

Born: 1630, London
[Died] June 22, 1699. London?
English merchant and economist. He made his fortune as a merchant for the navy during the republican period resulting from the Puritan Revolution, and became a major shareholder in the British East India Company. He joined the company as a director (1677), vice-president, and finally president in 1681. He held real power in the company with his autocratic skills. He also advocated mercantilism in Brief Observations Concerning Trade and the Interest of Money (68) and A New Discourse of Trade (90).

child
Childe, Vere Gordon

Born: 14 April 1892, Sydney
[Died] October 9, 1957. Archaeologist at Mount Victoria, Australia. Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh (1927-46), director of the Institute of Archaeology, University of London. Developed a unique historical perspective on the origins of agriculture and the rise of cities. His major works include The Dawn of the European Civilization (25), Man Makes Himself (36), and What Happend in History (42).

child
Child, Francis James

Born: February 1, 1825 in Boston
[Died] September 11, 1896. Born in Boston. American English literature scholar and educator. Graduated from Harvard University in 1846. In addition to his major work, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (5 volumes, 1883-98), he is also known for his research on Chaucer.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1869.2.2. ミシガン,イプシランティ
[没]1954.12.19. カリフォルニア,パロアルト
アメリカの動物学者。シカゴ大学で研究 (1895~1934) 。 1916年以後は同大学教授。ナミウズムシ (プラナリア) やヒドラは,これを細かく刻んでも,それぞれの組織片から個体の再生してくることが知られていたが,彼は再生に方向性のあること,すなわち,組織片の両端のうちで頭部に近かったほうの端から頭が,尾部寄りの側の端より尾が再生することを見つけた。この観察事実を説明するために,個体の軸に沿って頭から尾に向うある種の勾配が存在すると仮定し,個体を小片に切分けても個々の組織片の中でこの勾配は保存され,器官の分化する位置を決定するという理論を発表。勾配の実体として,チャイルドは化学物質の濃度勾配を考えていた。今日,これは生理勾配の名で呼ばれ,発生学における基本概念の一つになっている。 30~31年ロックフェラー派遣教授として来日,東北大学で講義を行なった。

チャイルド
Child, Lydia Maria

[生]1802.2.11. マサチューセッツ,メドフォード
[没]1880.10.20. マサチューセッツ,ウェーランド
アメリカの女流作家,社会改革家。旧姓 Francis。長編『ホボモク』 Hobomok (1824) などの歴史小説のほか,1826年アメリカで最初の児童向け月刊誌『児童雑誌』 Juvenile Miscellanyを創刊。また奴隷制反対の『アフリカ人といわれるアメリカ人のためのアピール』 An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans (33) は大きな反響を呼んだ。ほかに女性問題を扱った論文がある。

チャイルド
Child, Sir Josiah

[生]1630. ロンドン
[没]1699.6.22. ロンドン?
イギリスの商人,経済学者。清教徒革命による共和国時代に海軍御用商人として財をなし,イギリス東インド会社の大株主となり,同社に入り理事 (1677) ,副総裁を経て,1681年総裁。専制的手腕で同社の実権を握った。一方,『貿易および貨幣利子論』 Brief Observations Concerning Trade and the Interest of Money (68) ,『新貿易論』A New Discourse of Trade (90) で重商主義を説いた。

チャイルド
Childe, Vere Gordon

[生]1892.4.14. シドニー
[没]1957.10.9. マウントビクトリア
オーストラリアの考古学者。エディンバラ大学先史考古学教授 (1927~46) ,ロンドン大学考古学研究所所長を歴任。農耕の起源,都市の発生などについて独特の史観を完成。主著『ヨーロッパ文明の夜明け』 The Dawn of the European Civilization (25) ,『人間はみずからを作った』 Man Makes Himself (36) ,『歴史に何が起ったか』 What Happend in History (42) 。

チャイルド
Child, Francis James

[生]1825.2.1. ボストン
[没]1896.9.11. ボストン
アメリカの英文学者,教育家。 1846年ハーバード大学卒業。主著『イングランドおよびスコットランドにおける民謡集成』 The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (5巻,1883~98) のほか,チョーサー研究でも著名。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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