Zeus - Zeus (English spelling)

Japanese: ゼウス - ぜうす(英語表記)Zeus
Zeus - Zeus (English spelling)

The supreme god in Greek mythology. Ruler of the Olympian gods, he was the youngest son born to Cronus and Rhea (first son in Homer). Cronus, fearing a prophecy that his son would usurp his throne, swallowed his children Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera one by one. This made Rhea angry, and when Zeus was born, she made him drink a stone to save him. She then hid him in a cave on Mount Dicte in Crete, and entrusted his upbringing to the nymph and goat Amalthea. When Zeus grew up, she persuaded her first wife Metis to give Cronus an emetic, causing him to vomit out his brothers. With the help of his brothers, he defeated his father, Cronus, and fought against the Titans for 10 years. Following Gaia's advice, he freed the Cyclops and Hecatonchires, who had been imprisoned in the underworld, and succeeded in seizing control of the underworld. The three brothers divided their territories, with Zeus taking control of the heavens, Poseidon taking control of the sea, and Hades taking control of the underworld.

After establishing his dominance, Zeus had affairs with various goddesses and human women. With his legal wife Hera, he had children Ares, Eileitheia, Hebe, and Hephaestus, but he had also had relationships with other goddesses before that, such as Athene from Metis, the Hora and Moira from Themis, Charis from Eurynome, Persephone from Demeter, Apollo and Artemis from Leto, and Aphrodite from Dione. Furthermore, despite being caught by the jealous Hera, he had relationships with human women, and became the father of the god Dionysus, Arcas, Minos, Argos, Perseus, Helen, Dardanus, Hercules, and Hermes. It is said that this was the result of the ancient people's desire to have a noble family with Zeus as its ancestor.

Zeus was the father (protector) and savior not only of the gods but also of humans. As the ruler of the world, he protected peace and order in the world, gave laws to humans, watched over the implementation of justice, punished false oaths, encouraged the hospitality of guests, and protected political freedom. He was also the protector of the home, the guardian of hearth and property, and the god of the earth that bestows fertility. On the other hand, he severely punished those who violated the privileges of the gods.

The name Zeus has its origins in the Indo-European languages, and originally meant "sky" or "brightness." Therefore, it is also the god who governs all weather phenomena (rain, storms, thunder, etc.). His sacred bird is the eagle, his sacred tree is the oak, and he is often depicted holding a lightning bolt and a goatskin shield. In Roman mythology, this corresponds to Jupiter.

[Kazuhiko Tange]

[References] | Greek mythology

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ギリシア神話の最高神。オリンポスの神々の支配者で、クロノスとレアとの間に生まれた末っ子(ホメロスでは長子)。クロノスは、わが子に王位を奪われるという予言を恐れ、生まれてきたわが子のポセイドン、ハデス、ヘスティア、デメテル、ヘラを次々に飲み込んだ。そのため怒ったレアは、ゼウスが生まれたときには偽って石を夫に飲ませ、ゼウスを救った。そしてクレタ島のディクテ山の洞窟(どうくつ)に彼を隠し、ニンフと山羊(やぎ)のアマルテイアにその養育を託した。成長したゼウスは、最初の妻メティスを説得してクロノスに吐剤を飲ませ、腹中の兄弟を吐き出させた。そしてこの兄弟たちの協力を得て父クロノスを倒し、さらにティタン(巨人族)と10年もの間戦うが、ガイアの忠告に従って冥府(めいふ)に幽閉されていたキクロプスとヘカトンケイルを解放し味方につけることにより覇権奪取に成功した。支配地は三兄弟で分け、ゼウスは天、ポセイドンは海、ハデスは冥府を得た。

 支配権を確立したのち、ゼウスはさまざまな女神や人間の女と浮き名を流す。正妻ヘラとの間にはアレス、エイレイテイア、ヘベ、ヘファイストスを得たが、それ以前にも女神たちと交わって、メティスからアテネ、テミスからホーラたちとモイラたち、エウリノメからカリスたち、デメテルからペルセフォネ、レトからアポロンとアルテミス、ディオネからアフロディテらを得ている。さらに、嫉妬(しっと)深いヘラの目をかすめながらも人間の女たちと交わり、ディオニソス神をはじめアルカスやミノス、アルゴス、ペルセウス、ヘレネ、ダルダノス、ヘラクレス、ヘルメスらの父となった。このことは、ゼウスを家祖とする高貴な家系をもちたいとの古代人の願望のなせるところであると説明される。

 ゼウスは、神だけでなく人間にとってもその父(保護者)であり、救い主であった。この世の支配者として世界の平和と秩序を守り、人間に法を与え、正義の遂行を見守り、偽誓(ぎせい)を罰し、客の接待を奨励し、政治的自由を守る神であった。また家の保護者、炉や財産の守り神、さらには豊饒(ほうじょう)を与える大地の神でもあった。しかしその反面、彼は神々の特権を侵す者を厳しく処罰した。

 ゼウスという名はインド・ヨーロッパ語族にその起源をもち、元来「天空」「輝き」などの意味をもつとされる。したがって、ここから天候現象全般(雨、嵐(あらし)、雷鳴など)をつかさどる神ともなっている。その聖鳥は鷲(わし)、聖木は樫(かし)であり、しばしば稲妻と山羊皮の盾を手にもつ姿で表される。ローマ神話ではユピテルがこれにあたる。

[丹下和彦]

[参照項目] | ギリシア神話

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Ceuta - Ceuta (English spelling)

>>:  Zeuxis (English spelling)

Recommend

Davidenko, AA (English spelling) DavidenkoAA

...This spread all over the world, and the action...

Yellow baldness - Yellow baldness

...Red and white clay are used for the clay body,...

Morpho patroclus (English spelling) Morphopatroclus

…[Mayumi Takahashi]. . . *Some of the terminology...

Wanganui

A port city on the southwest coast of the North Is...

Gifu

…Another method of combination is called phono-se...

Goshikizuka Tomb - Goshikizuka Tomb

This is an early kofun (tumulus) located in Goshi...

Hansard, AW (English spelling)

…Japan's first English newspaper was founded ...

Perfect conductor

An ideal conductor of electricity or heat with inf...

"Edo's famous place, Midori Soga"

...Many dramatized this work by linking it to the...

Old Cairo (English spelling) Old Cairo

…Misr was a military town on the east bank of the...

Tanucci, B.

…In Naples, rebellions by the lower classes occur...

Flourens, MJP (English name)FlourensMJP

…It was observed long ago by Galen and Raymond Vi...

Amanohinadori-no-Mikoto

A god who appears in the "Nihon Shoki" a...

Hipler, W.

... In Franconia, after March 22, 163 villages ar...

Oven - o-bun (English spelling) oven

A cooking utensil for steaming food. Also called ...