Husayn

Japanese: フサイン

King of Hijaz, an area in the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula including Mecca and Medina. Reigned from 1916 to 1924. Born into the Hashemite family, the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was held captive in Mecca by order of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who ruled at the time, but after the Young Turk revolution in 1908 against the tyranny of Abdul Hamid II, he became governor of Mecca as a descendant of Muhammad (Sharif). At the beginning of World War I, he sided with the Germans along with the Ottoman Empire, but later, on the advice of TE Lawrence, he sided with the Allies, and in 1915-1916, he exchanged letters (Hussein-McMahon Letters) with McMahon, the British High Commissioner in Cairo, and obtained a promise to recognize the independence of the Arab kingdom after the war, and rebelled against the Ottoman Empire with his son Faisal I and others. Britain did not allow him to become an Arab king, and compromised by placing him on the throne of Hijaz in 1916. After World War I, the Ottoman Empire was destroyed and the Republic of Turkey was established. When the decision was made to abolish the caliphate in 1924, Hussein proclaimed himself caliph and became isolated among Muslim leaders. In the same year, he was attacked by Abd al-Aziz bin Saud, whose power was growing in the Nejd region, and he fled to Aqaba, and the following year he went into exile in Cyprus. He died in Amman in 1931 and was buried in Jerusalem.

Husayn

Also known as Hussein. The third Imam of the Shiite sect of Islam. The second son of Ali and Fatima, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad. When Muawiyah, the founder of the Umayyad dynasty, designated his son Yazid as the successor to the caliphate, Hussein did not recognize this and came into conflict. In 680, he raised an army, but was besieged by the Umayyad army at Karbala and killed in battle. The Shiite sect considers this a martyrdom and holds it as a spiritual anchor, and every year during the first ten days of the month of Muharram, a festival of martyrdom (Ashura) is held to mourn his death.

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

アラビア半島の北西部，メッカ，メディナを含む地域ヒジャーズの国王。在位1916年−1924年。イスラムの預言者ムハンマドの家系であるハーシム家に生まれた。当時の支配者オスマン帝国のスルタン，アブデュルハミト２世の命によりメッカに拘束されていたが，1908年のアブデュルハミト２世の専制政治に反対する〈青年トルコ〉党の革命後，ムハンマドの子孫（シャリーフ）としてメッカの知事となった。第１次世界大戦の当初はオスマン帝国とともにドイツ側についていたが，その後T.E.ロレンスの助言で連合国側につき，1915年−1916年，カイロの英国高等弁務官マクマホンと書簡（フサイン=マクマホン書簡）を交わし，戦後にアラブ王国の独立を承認するという約束をとりつけて，息子のファイサル１世らとともにオスマン帝国に対して反乱を起こした。英国はアラブの王となることは認めず，1916年，ヒジャーズの王位につくことで妥協した。第１次大戦後オスマン帝国が滅びトルコ共和国が発足，1924年にカリフ制の廃止を決めると，フサインは自らカリフを標榜，ムスリム指導者間で孤立した。同年，ナジュド地方で勢力を増していたアブド・アルアジーズ・ブン・サウードに攻められてアカバに逃れ，翌年キプロスに亡命，1931年アンマンで死去し，エルサレムに埋葬された。

フサイン

〈フセイン〉とも。イスラムのシーア派第３代イマーム。アリーと預言者ムハンマドの娘ファーティマとの間に生まれた第２子。ウマイヤ朝の創始者ムアーウィアが息子ヤジードをカリフの継承者と定めると，これを認めず対立。680年挙兵したが，カルバラーでウマイヤ朝軍に包囲され戦死した。シーア派ではこれを殉教と見なして精神的よりどころとし，毎年ムハッラム月の最初の10日間にその死を悼む殉教祭（アーシューラー）が行われる。

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