Fish that live in rivers or lakes for most or all of their lives. They are also called river fish. There are fish that live only in freshwater areas, and fish that can tolerate saline waters. Many fish of the carp and loach families, lungfish, paddlefish, and multi-finned fish (polypterids) belong to the former category and are called purely freshwater fish or primary freshwater fish. Killifish, cichlids, and eels usually live in freshwater areas, but can tolerate life in the sea temporarily, so they are called secondary freshwater fish. Furthermore, marine fish that can adapt to fresh water and low salinity waters, such as certain lampreys, sturgeons, Japanese smelts, salmon and trout, horse mackerel, and gobies, are called marginal freshwater fish. Among the fish that are considered freshwater fish, there are sea-run fish that spawn in saltwater, and river-run fish that spawn in freshwater, and it is impossible to strictly classify them as freshwater or saltwater fish. It is generally said that it has been easier evolutionarily for saltwater fish to move into freshwater than for freshwater fish to invade saltwater. There are approximately 8,300 species of freshwater fish worldwide, accounting for 41% of all fish species, of which approximately 6,500 are purely freshwater fish, making up the majority of freshwater fish. [Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano] OsmoregulationUnlike saltwater fish, the osmotic pressure of the body fluids of freshwater fish is significantly higher than that of the surrounding freshwater. As a result, water enters their bodies through the gills and mucous membranes of the mouth. For this reason, it is generally said that freshwater fish do not drink water. Excess water that has entered the body is excreted in large quantities as urine from the kidneys, thereby regulating the osmotic pressure. A hormone called prolactin, which is secreted from the pituitary gland, plays an important role in this regulation. [Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano] Geographic distributionPurely freshwater fish cannot migrate via the sea, so their distribution patterns are influenced by geography. Their habitats tend to be isolated, making it easier for endemic species to differentiate. In addition, the formation of topography due to continental drift also has a major impact on the distribution of freshwater fish. In the temperate zone and north of Eurasia, there are many fish of the families Cyprinidae and Loach. The tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia, and southern China are rich in fish fauna, with endemic species such as the Tree Skimmer and the Taiwanese Loach. The tropical regions of Africa have many endemic species such as the Mormyridae, Electric Catfish, and Cichlid fish, and ancient fish such as lungfish and multi-finned fish remain. Salmon bass, black trout, and amia live north of central Mexico, while characins, catfish, and killifish are abundant in Central and South America, as well as endemic lungfish. Australia and New Guinea have a poor variety of freshwater fish, with most being peripheral freshwater fish. [Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano] Freshwater fish of JapanMany of Japan's freshwater fish are thought to have originated from the Asian continent, and are said to have arrived via two routes, from the north and the south. From a geological history perspective, it is believed that the foundations of Japan's current freshwater fish fauna were already established in the Eocene, and that the modern fish fauna was formed after repeated differentiation and extinction during the Pleistocene glacial period. There are only 60 species of primary freshwater fish living in Japan, and more than 70% of these are carp fish. Lake Biwa and the Yodo River system are the richest in primary freshwater fish in Japan, with more than 40 species, and many endemic species such as Honmoroko, Zezera, Hasu, Wataka, Nigorobu, and Isazane. Since the mid-1970s, the volume and quality of water in rivers and lakes has declined due to the construction of dams that divide rivers and dramatically change the flow rate, overfishing, wastewater from factories and homes, and self-pollution from aquaculture. Furthermore, the introduction and propagation of non-native fish species has led to the deterioration of the environmental conditions surrounding freshwater fish, resulting in the extinction of some species and an increase in the number of endangered species. [Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一生またはその大部分を川や湖沼で生活する魚類。川魚(かわうお)ともいう。淡水域にだけ生息する魚類と、多少とも塩分の混じる水域にも耐える魚類とがある。多くのコイ科やドジョウ科の魚類、肺魚類、ヘラチョウザメ類、多鰭(たき)類(ポリプテルス類)などは前者に属し、純淡水魚または一次性淡水魚といわれる。メダカ類、カワスズメ類、タウナギなどは普通淡水域にいるが、一時的に海での生活に耐えられるので二次性淡水魚という。さらに、真水や低い塩分の水域にも適応する、ある種のヤツメウナギ類、チョウザメ類、カライワシ、コノシロ、サケ・マス類、アジ類、ハゼ類などの海水魚を周縁性淡水魚という。淡水魚とされているもののなかに、海水域で産卵する降海魚と、逆に淡水域で産卵する遡河魚(そかぎょ)があり、厳密にこれらを淡水魚、海水魚と分類することは不可能であるものも多い。一般に淡水魚が海水域に侵入するよりも海水魚が淡水域に移動するほうが進化的にみてより容易であったらしいといわれている。 世界的にみて淡水域に生息する魚類は約8300種あり、魚類全体の41%に相当する。このうち純淡水魚はおよそ6500種で淡水魚の主部を占めている。 [落合 明・尼岡邦夫] 浸透圧の調節淡水魚の体液の浸透圧は、海水魚と異なり、周りの淡水の浸透圧より著しく高い。そのため、えらや口の粘膜から水分が体内に入り込む。したがって、一般に淡水魚は水を飲まないといわれている。余分に入り込んだ水分は、腎臓(じんぞう)から尿として多量に排出することで浸透圧を調節する。この調節には、脳下垂体から分泌されるプロラクチンというホルモンが重要な役割を果たしている。 [落合 明・尼岡邦夫] 地理的分布純淡水魚は海を経由して移動できないので、分布様式は地理的な影響を受ける。生息場所は隔離されやすく、固有の種分化がおこりやすい。また、大陸移動による地形の形成も淡水魚の分布に大きな影響を与えている。 ユーラシア大陸の温帯以北では、コイ科とドジョウ科の魚類が多い。インドや東南アジア、中国南部の熱帯地域は、魚相が豊かで、キノボリウオやタイワンドジョウなどの固有種が生息する。アフリカの熱帯地域はモルミルス科、デンキナマズ科、カワスズメ類などに固有種が多いうえ、肺魚類や多鰭類などの古代魚が遺存している。メキシコ中部以北にはサケスズキ類、クロマス類、アミアなどが生息し、中央アメリカと南アメリカにはカラシン類、ナマズ類、メダカ類が多いほか、固有な肺魚類も生息している。オーストラリアやニューギニアは淡水魚の魚種が貧弱であり、大部分が周縁性淡水魚である。 [落合 明・尼岡邦夫] 日本の淡水魚日本の淡水魚はアジア大陸由来と考えられるものが多く、それらは北方と南方の二つの経路を通ってやってきたといわれている。地史的にみて、始新世にはすでに現在の日本の淡水魚類相の基礎ができ、分化と絶滅を繰り返しながら、更新世の氷河期を経て現代の魚類相が形成されたと考えられている。日本に生息している一次性淡水魚は60種にすぎず、その70%以上はコイ科魚類で占められている。琵琶(びわ)湖と淀川(よどがわ)水系は、日本でもっとも一次性淡水魚が豊富で40種以上もいるうえ、ホンモロコ、ゼゼラ、ハス、ワタカ、ニゴロブナ、イサザなど多くの固有種が生息する。 1970年代中ごろ以降、ダムの建設による河川の分断や流量の激変、濫獲、工場や家庭からの排水、養殖による自家汚染など、河川や湖沼の水量や水質が低下している。さらに外来魚の移入と繁殖など、淡水魚を取り巻く環境条件の悪化により、絶滅種がみられ、また絶滅危惧(きぐ)種が増えつつある。 [落合 明・尼岡邦夫] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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