It is a general term for ships that carry liquid cargo in tanks integrated into the hull, but the vast majority of them transport crude oil, and ships that carry other cargoes are called LPG tankers for liquefied gas, LNG tankers, chemical tankers for liquid chemical products, etc., depending on the cargo. Also, cement bulk carriers are sometimes called cement tankers because of their similar structure and appearance. Before World War II, the largest oil tankers had a deadweight of around 15,000 tons. After the war, as demand for oil increased, tankers began to get bigger, and this trend accelerated from around 1960. Oil tankers with a deadweight of 200,000 to 300,000 tons are called VLCCs (very large crude oil carriers), and those with a deadweight of more than 200,000 tons are called ULCCs (ultra large crude oil carriers). The largest tankers are the French Bachilas (built in 1976, 550,001 tons) and Pierre Guillauma (built in 1977, 555,031 tons), and the Liberian-registered Seawise Giant (built in 1980, 564,763 tons). Now that the trend toward larger ships has calmed down after two oil crises, these are records that will likely not be broken any time soon. Tankers have engine rooms below the upper deck at the stern, accommodation areas and a bridge on the upper deck, and cargo oil tanks ahead of them. Learning from lessons learned from oil spills caused by collisions and groundings of oil tankers, international treaties have been established to limit the capacity of each tank and to make ships less likely to sink even if flooded. In addition, since the crude oil and chemical products carried by tankers are highly susceptible to fire, explosion, and corrosion, special consideration is given to the structure of the tanks, loading equipment, ventilation equipment, etc. according to their respective characteristics. Static electricity can accumulate during loading and cleaning of tanks, increasing the risk of explosion, and great care must be taken in life on board regarding the use of fire and sparks caused by metal friction. [Morita Tomoharu] The environmental destruction caused by the oil spill accident from the huge tanker (Exxon Valdis) in March 1989 was serious. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) made it mandatory for newly built tankers to have a double hull structure, and decided to ban single-hull tankers from sailing after 2015. [Editorial Department] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
液体貨物を船体と一体のタンクに積んで運ぶ船の総称だが、原油を輸送する船が圧倒的に多く、他の貨物を運搬する船は積み荷によって、液化ガスのLPGタンカー、LNGタンカー、液状化学製品のケミカルタンカーなどという。また、セメントばら積船は構造や外観が似ているので、セメントタンカーとよぶことがある。 第二次世界大戦以前の油タンカーは、大きなものでも載貨重量1万5000トン程度であった。戦後、石油需要の増大とともに大型化が始まり、1960年ごろから急速に進んだ。載貨重量トン数で20万トンから30万トンの油タンカーをVLCC(very large crude oil carrier)、それ以上をULCC(ultra large crude oil carrier)とよぶ。最大級のものはフランスのバチラス号(1976建造、55万0001重量トン)、ピエール・ギョーマ号(1977建造、55万5031重量トン)の2隻と、リベリア船籍のシーワイズ・ジャイアント号(1980建造、56万4763重量トン)がある。これらは、二度にわたる石油ショックを経て船舶の大型化が沈静した現在では、当分破られることのない記録であろう。 タンカーは船尾の上甲板下を機関室とし、上甲板上に居住区や船橋を配置し、その前方を貨物油タンクとしている。油タンカーの衝突や座礁による原油流出事故の教訓から、タンク1個当りの容積を制限することや、浸水しても沈没しがたい船とすることなどが国際条約として取り決められている。また、タンカーが運ぶ原油や化学製品には引火、爆発、腐食などの危険性が多いから、それぞれの特性に応じてタンクの構造、荷役装置、通風装置などには特別の考慮が払われている。荷役やタンクの洗浄の際には静電気が蓄積されて爆発の危険性が高くなることがあり、火の使用や金属の摩擦による火花の発生などにつき船内の生活においても細心の注意が必要になる。 [森田知治] 1989年3月に起きた巨大タンカー(エクソン・バルディス号)の原油流出事故による環境破壊は深刻なものであった。それを受けて、IMO(国際海事機関)では、新造のタンカーに対してダブルハル(二重船殻)構造を義務づけ、2015年以降はシングルハル構造のタンカーの航行を禁止することを決定した。 [編集部] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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