Tanka - Tanka

Japanese: 短歌 - たんか

A form of poetry. It consists of 5 lines, 31 syllables, in the pattern 5-7-5-7-7, and was also called "31 characters" or "31 letters". Along with choka and sedo-ka, it was seen in the ancient Kojiki and Nihonshoki, and then flourished in the Manyo period. Since then, it has been passed down to the present day, boasting a long history and tradition, as a central poetic form in the world of aristocratic poetry that developed around imperial anthologies, and in the world of medieval and early modern samurai poetry. After the Heian period, choka and sedo-ka declined, and tanka came to represent Yamato uta (Japanese poetry) in contrast to Chinese poetry, and waka came to refer to the tanka form, but after the Meiji period, the term tanka became common again. From around 1880, under the influence of Western poetry, Suematsu Kencho and others began to advocate reform of waka poetry, and the new school of waka poetry, including Asakasha and Kokoro no Hana, rejected the old schools of Dojo, Keien, and Edo poetry, and in 1899 the Negishi Tanka Association and Shinshisha were founded, the former succeeded by Araragi, and the latter flourished through Myojo. From these emerged the life-style school tanka of the end of the Meiji period, the socialist tanka from the mid-Taisho period onwards, and the proletarian tanka of the Showa period, as well as the free verse movement.
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

詩歌の一形態。５・７・５・７・７の５句31音からなり，〈三十一字〉〈三十一文字(みそひともじ)〉とも呼ばれた。長歌や旋頭歌(せどうか)とともに古く，記紀歌謡にみられ，つづいて盛んな万葉時代を迎えた。以後，勅撰集などを中心として展開してきた貴族たちの歌壇，中世・近世の武家の歌文の世界の中心的な詩型として，長い歴史と伝統を誇って現代に伝えられている。平安以後長歌や旋頭歌は衰え，漢詩に対する倭歌(やまとうた)を短歌が代表するようになり，和歌といえば短歌形式をさすようになったが，明治以後再び短歌という呼び方が一般的になった。1880年ころから西欧詩の影響で末松謙澄らの和歌改良論が起こり，浅香(あさか)社や《心の花》などの新派和歌運動が堂上，桂園，江戸の各旧派を否定，1899年には根岸短歌会と新詩社が成立し，前者は《アララギ》に継承され，後者は《明星》によって活躍した。これらの中から明治末の生活派短歌，大正中期以後の社会主義短歌や昭和のプロレタリア短歌も生まれ，自由律の運動も起こった。
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