This is a typical example of urban climate, where the air heated by artificial heat generated within the city and the artificial construction of the ground surface covers the urban area in a dome shape. It is also called the heat island phenomenon. The term "heat island" means an island of heat, and this term was established after World War II as research on urban climate progressed. The temperature distribution on the ground becomes colder from the city center to the outskirts of the city, and the shape of the isotherms resembles the contour lines on a topographical map of an island. The air pressure is lower above the city than in the suburbs, so on the ground, when it is calm, a weak wind blows from the outside of the city toward the city center. In the sky, winds blow in the opposite direction, with very weak winds blowing from the city center to the outside of the city. These winds create a circulation, which is called the heat island circulation. The heat island phenomenon, which creates a large difference in temperature between urban areas and the suburbs, is typically most noticeable on clear nights from autumn to winter when there is little wind. However, since the 1990s, particularly in Japan, the term heat island has come to refer to the phenomenon of high temperatures in cities caused by an increase in the number of extremely hot daytime summer days and tropical nights. The causes of the formation of urban heat islands can be broadly divided into two categories. The first is the increase in anthropogenic heat emissions resulting from the concentration of population in cities and the consumption of large amounts of energy. In particular, the large amount of heat emitted from office buildings and commercial and industrial districts in the city center, combined with the exhaust heat from automobiles traveling on major roads, makes the air in urban areas more susceptible to heating than that in suburban areas, and is a major factor in the rise in temperature. The second factor is the change in heat balance due to the artificialization of the city's surface structure. The surface of cities, covered with concrete buildings and asphalt-paved roads, has significantly different thermal and radiation characteristics than suburban rural areas, which are dominated by forests, grasslands, fields, and bare land. For example, concrete and asphalt absorb solar radiation energy during the day in summer, and their surface temperatures often exceed 50°C. The reason we feel hot under the blazing sun in summer is because of the radiant heat from the hot concrete surface in addition to the solar radiation. Furthermore, even at night, their surface temperatures are higher than the air temperature, so they continue to heat the surrounding air. This, combined with the aforementioned anthropogenic heat emissions, significantly suppresses the drop in nighttime temperature in urban areas. This is the main factor behind the increase in tropical nights. [Takehiko Mikami October 20, 2015] "Heat Island" by Toshio Ojima (2002, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" ▽ "Heat Island Countermeasures and Technology" edited by Masakazu Moriyama (2004, Gakugei Publishing)" ▽ "Why does torrential rain occur in cities? -- The true nature of heavy rain that is neither a typhoon nor a front" by Takehiko Mikami (2008, Gijutsu Hyoronsha)" ▽ "Two types of warming -- Global warming and heat islands" edited by Kenji Kai (2012, Seizando Shoten)" ▽ "Climate change and abnormal weather in cities -- Regarding extreme heat and heavy rain" by Fumiaki Fujibe (2012, Asakura Shoten) [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
都市の中で発生する人工排熱や地表面の人工化で加熱された大気が、都市域をドーム状に覆っている状態で、都市気候の典型例。ヒートアイランド現象ともいう。ヒートアイランドは熱の島という意味で、この用語は第二次世界大戦後、都市気候の研究が進むなかで定着した。地上の気温分布が、都心から市街地周辺に向かって低温になるため、等温線の形が島の地形図の等高線に似ていることによる。都市域の上空では郊外よりも気圧が低くなるため、静穏なときには、地上では、市外から都心に向かって弱い風が吹く。上空では逆方向の風が吹き、都心から市外に向けてごく弱い風が吹いている。これらの風は一つの循環流をつくるが、これをヒートアイランド循環という。本来、都心部と郊外の気温差が大きくなるヒートアイランド現象は、風の弱い秋から冬の晴天の夜間にもっとも顕著に現れるが、1990年代以降、とくに日本では夏季の日中における猛暑や夜間における熱帯夜の増加による都市の高温化現象をさしてヒートアイランドとよぶことが多い。 ヒートアイランドの形成要因は、二つに大別される。一つは、都市に人口が集中し大量のエネルギーが消費される結果生ずる人工排熱の増加である。とくに、都心のオフィスビル街や商工業地区から排出される大量の熱に加えて、幹線道路を走行する自動車からの排気熱が重なるため、都市部の大気は郊外に比べて加熱されやすく、気温上昇の大きな要因となっている。二つ目の要因は、都市の表面構造の人工化による熱収支の変化である。コンクリートの建造物やアスファルト舗装道路で覆われた都市の地表面は、森林・草地や田畑・裸地が主体の郊外田園地帯とは、熱や放射の特性が大きく異なる。たとえば、コンクリートやアスファルトは夏季日中に日射エネルギーを吸収してその表面温度はしばしば50℃を超える。夏の炎天下で暑く感じるのは、日射に加えて高温のコンクリート面からの放射熱が加わるためである。さらに、夜間になってもそれらの表面温度は気温よりも高いため周囲の大気を加熱し続ける。これに前述の人工排熱が加わり、都市部では夜間の気温低下が大幅に抑制される。これが熱帯夜を増加させるおもな要因である。 [三上岳彦 2015年10月20日] 『尾島俊雄著『ヒートアイランド』(2002・東洋経済新報社)』▽『森山正和編『ヒートアイランドの対策と技術』(2004・学芸出版社)』▽『三上岳彦著『都市型集中豪雨はなぜ起こる?――台風でも前線でもない大雨の正体』(2008・技術評論社)』▽『甲斐憲次編著『二つの温暖化――地球温暖化とヒートアイランド』(2012・成山堂書店)』▽『藤部文昭著『都市の気候変動と異常気象――猛暑と大雨をめぐって』(2012・朝倉書店)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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