An event held on July 7th or the night before. Originally held according to the lunar calendar, today many places hold it on July 7th according to the solar calendar. In the Tohoku region and other areas, it is held a month later on August 7th. Tanabata is also called the Weaver Girl Festival or the Star Festival, and has been passed down to the present day as a mixture of various elements, including an event that originated in China, ancient Japanese traditions, and an event that is part of the Obon festival. Historically, in the Nara period, the Kikoden festival, introduced from China, was held on this day as an event at the Imperial Court. Peaches, pears, eggplants, melons, soybeans, dried sea bream, and thin abalone were offered in the eastern garden of Seiryoden to worship the two stars Kengyu and Orihime. The Engishiki states that the Orihime Festival was held on July 7th as an event held by the Oribe no Tsukasa, but both were customs of the Imperial Court and the aristocracy. In the Muromachi period, the custom of offering poems to Tanabata was introduced, and seven types of games were played in honor of the number seven. Furthermore, in the Edo period, it became established as an annual event for the samurai class, and is designated as one of the five seasonal festivals. It was also common in Edo to hang five-colored paper and thread from bamboo poles and stand them on eaves, which led to the Tanabata scenery that is close to what we see today. However, also since the Edo period, in the Matsumoto region of Nagano Prefecture, Tanabata dolls - wooden dolls dressed in children's kimonos - have been hung on the eaves of each house as a prayer for good health for children born that year. In some places, small paper dolls are strung together on strings and hung, a tradition that is still popular today. Although it is the same Tanabata event, the peasant class has passed down different customs from those of the aristocratic and samurai classes. Regarding the name Tanabata, Orikuchi Shinobu has a theory that in ancient Japan, to welcome and worship the gods, young women would stay in a weaving hut set up on a shelf by the waterside and spend the night waiting for the gods to descend, and that this led to the names Tanabata-tsume, Ototanabata, and then simply Tanabata. It is said that on Tanabata, people would stay by the waterside overnight to perform a purification ritual, and the next morning entrust the deity with taking away their impurities, and the bathing customs handed down in various regions are remnants of this tradition. In many areas, people always wash their hair and dishes on Tanabata. In the northern part of the Kanto region, people and livestock (cows and horses) bathe in water and wash away sleepiness into the river, a practice known as "nemuri nagashi." The Nebuta festival in Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, which is famous for tourism, also takes place on Tanabata Day, and although the kanji for "Nebuta" are used, it is an event to drive away sleepiness and evil spirits that would interfere with work before the autumn harvest. The idea of exorcising evil spirits is also part of the custom of letting them flow, or in other words praying for rain. If even one drop of rain falls on Tanabata, it means a good harvest. Conversely, if it does not rain on Tanabata, the two stars Altair and Vega will meet and give birth to an evil god, causing an epidemic or poor crop yields. The legend of the alignment of the stars, which was introduced from China, is included in the idea of purification in Japanese folklore. In China, this day is the day when the two stars, Altair (the alpha star of Aquila) and Vega (the alpha star of Lyra), meet once a year across the Milky Way. Altair is the standard for knowing when to farm, and Vega, as her name suggests, is considered the star in charge of sericulture and sewing. Around the beginning of the seventh lunar month, the two stars can be seen brightly above people's heads, separated by the Milky Way that runs from northeast to southwest, and this gave rise to the legend of the two stars personifying them and meeting. This legend is also told in many Japanese oral literary works. The origin story of Tanabata is told in the Muromachi period "Amewakahiko Monogatari" as a tale of a girl marrying a giant snake, and is still passed down in various versions all over Japan. The gist of the story is the old tale of the wife of a heavenly being. As the celestial maidens are bathing, a young man catches a glimpse of one of them and hides her feather robe. Without the robe, the celestial maiden is unable to return to heaven and becomes the man's wife. When a child is born, she learns from the child's song that the robe has been hidden in a grain storehouse, so she puts it on and flies away to heaven with the child. When the celestial maiden leaves a melon seed behind, and the man climbs the melon vine to reach heaven. With the help of the celestial maiden, the emperor solves his difficult problem, but splits the forbidden melon vertically, and the water that flows from the melon causes a great flood and the man is swept away. This river is the Milky Way, and the celestial maiden tells the man she will meet him on the 7th of every month, but the man mishears and thinks it is the 7th of July, and so they can only meet once a year on the 7th of July. Tanabata events also have many elements that are part of the Bon festival. On this day, Bon roads are made and Bon markets are held, and the date is set midway between the first day of the month and the full moon in July, around the 7th, and it is likely that other Tanabata elements were added to this to form the way it is today. The Qiqiaoden festival, which was introduced from China, was initially passed down to the nobility, and became a star festival to pray for clear skies on this day, belonging to an event in arid cultures. On the other hand, Tanabata as an ancient Japanese agricultural god spread among the general public and combined with Bon festivals to become a custom of purifying impurities, and therefore contains elements of an event in humid cultures where rain is hoped for. Tanabata can be said to be a combination of these two customs. [Kamata Hisako] The custom of hanging five-colored paper or threads from bamboo (also called tanzaku bamboo) and setting them up on the eaves on Tanabata, one of the five seasonal festivals, is said to have begun in the Edo period . Tanabata A scene of Edo on Tanabata day. The strips of paper hanging from the bamboo are of various shapes, including gourds, watermelons, and fish. Utagawa Hiroshige's "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo: Tanabata Festival of Prosperity in the City, " National Diet Library . Bamboo decoration Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture © Miyagi Prefecture Tourism Division Sendai Tanabata Festival The Shonan Hiratsuka Tanabata Festival, held every July in Hiratsuka, began in 1951 as a prayer for postwar reconstruction . Shonan Hiratsuka Tanabata Festival Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
7月7日あるいはその前夜の行事。本来は陰暦で行っていたが、現在は陽暦の7月7日に行う所が多い。東北地方などでは月遅れの8月7日に行っている。七夕は織女祭(しょくじょさい)、星祭(ほしまつり)などともいい、中国伝来の行事と、日本古来の伝承、さらに盆行事の一環としての行事など、さまざまな要素が入り混じって今日に伝承されている。 歴史的にみると、奈良時代には宮中の行事として、この日中国伝来の乞巧奠(きこうでん)が行われている。桃、梨(なし)、茄子(なす)、瓜(うり)、大豆(だいず)、干鯛(ひだい)、薄鮑(うすあわび)などを清涼殿の東庭に供え、牽牛(けんぎゅう)・織女の二星を祀(まつ)ったという。『延喜式(えんぎしき)』には織部司(おりべのつかさ)の行事として7月7日に織女祭が行われたというが、いずれも宮廷や貴族の習俗であった。室町時代になると七夕に歌を供える風(ふう)が入り、7という数にあやかって、7種の遊びを行ったという。さらに江戸時代には武家の年中行事としても定着し、五節供の一つに定められている。笹竹(ささたけ)に五色の紙や糸を吊(つ)るして軒端に立てる風も江戸市中にみられ、今日に近い七夕風景になってきた。しかし同じく江戸時代より、長野県松本地方では、各家々の軒端に七夕人形といって、板の人形(ひとがた)に子供の着物を着せて吊るし、その年生まれた子供の無病息災を祈願している風がある。あるいは、小さな紙の人形を紐(ひも)に連ねて吊るしている所もあり、いまも盛んに行われている。同じ七夕行事であるが、農民層には貴族・武家階級とはまた異なった習俗を伝承しているのである。 七夕の名称については、日本では古く神を迎え祀るのに、乙女が水辺の棚に設けた機屋(はたや)にこもり、神の降臨を待って一夜を過ごすという伝承があり、これから棚機女(たなばたつめ)、乙棚機(おとたなばた)、さらに「たなばた」とよぶようになったという折口信夫(おりくちしのぶ)の説がある。七夕には一夜水辺にこもって禊(みそぎ)を行い、翌朝送り神に託して穢(けがれ)を持ち去ってもらうものであったともいい、現に各地に伝承される水浴の習俗はその名残(なごり)であるという。七夕にはかならず洗髪をするとか、食器類を洗うものだという地域は広くある。あるいは、関東地方の北部では、人も家畜(牛馬)も水浴びをし、睡魔(すいま)を川に流す「眠り流し」ということを行っている。観光で有名になっている青森県弘前(ひろさき)地方のねぶた行事も七夕の日であり、ねぶたは「佞武多」という字をあてているが、眠りを追い払う行事である。秋の収穫作業を控え、仕事の妨げとなる睡魔、悪霊を追い払う行事だったのである。 悪霊を祓(はら)うという思想は、水に流す、すなわち雨が降ることを願う習俗にもなっている。七夕には一粒でも雨が降ると豊作だ、反対に七夕に雨が降らぬと、牽牛と織女の二星が会って悪神が生まれ、疫病が流行するとか、作物のできが悪いという伝承もあって、中国伝来の星合せ伝説は日本の民俗のなかでは、禊の思想に包括されている。 中国では、この日、牽牛星(わし座のα(アルファ)星アルタイル)と織女星(こと座のα星ベガ)の二星が、天の川を挟んで年に一度相会う日となっている。牽牛は農時を知る基準となり、織女はその名の示すように養蚕や裁縫をつかさどる星とされていた。陰暦7月の初めころは、この二星が北東から南西に横たわる天の川を挟んで、人々の頭上に明るく見えるところから、擬人化して二星の相会う伝説が生まれたものである。この伝説は、日本の口承文芸のなかにも数多く語られている。 七夕の由来譚(たん)は、室町時代の『天稚彦物語(あめわかひこものがたり)』に、娘が大蛇と結婚する異類婚姻譚となって語られており、現に全国にすこしずつ語り口を変えて伝承されている。その骨子は天人女房の昔話である。 天女が水浴びをしていると、若者がかいまみて、一人の天女の羽衣を隠してしまう。羽衣のない天女は天に帰ることができず男の妻となる。子供が生まれ、その子供の歌から羽衣が穀物倉に隠してあることを知り、天女は羽衣をつけ、子供を連れて天に飛び去ってしまう。天女は別れるとき、瓜の種を残してゆく。男はこの瓜のつるを登って天上へ行く。天帝の難題を天女の援助によって解決するが、禁じられていた瓜を縦に割ってしまい、瓜から流れた水が大洪水となり、男は流されてしまう。この川が天の川で、天女は流されてゆく男に、7日7日に会おうといったのに、男は7月7日と聞き違え、年に一度7月7日にしか会えないようになってしまった。 七夕行事には、盆行事の一環としての要素も多い。この日盆道(ぼんみち)作りをするとか、盆の市(いち)が開かれるなどというもので、7月の満月の盆に対し、朔日(ついたち)との中間、7日ごろを目安として日を設定したもので、これに他の七夕の要素が複合して今日のような形式となったものであろう。中国伝来の乞巧奠は当初貴族に伝わり、それはこの日晴天を祈る星祭となり、乾燥文化圏の行事に属し、一方、日本古来の農神としての七夕は、民間に流布し盆行事とも結合して穢を祓う習俗となり、したがって雨天を望む湿潤文化圏の行事の要素をもっている。七夕はこの二つの複合習俗といえよう。 [鎌田久子] 五節供の一つである七夕に、笹竹に五色の紙や糸を吊るし(短冊竹ともいう)、軒端に立てる風習は江戸時代から始まったといわれる。歌川国貞画『豊歳五節句ノ遊』国立国会図書館所蔵"> 七夕 七夕の日の江戸の風景。笹竹に吊るされる短冊には、ひょうたん、スイカ、魚などさまざまな形のものがあることがわかる。歌川広重画『江戸名所百景 市中繁栄七夕祭』国立国会図書館所蔵"> 笹飾り 宮城県仙台市©宮城県観光課"> 仙台七夕まつり 毎年7月に開催される平塚市の「湘南ひらつか七夕まつり」は、戦後の復興を祈って1951年(昭和26)に始められた。神奈川県平塚市©Shogakukan"> 湘南ひらつか七夕まつり 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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