…In terms of the image of the city, T. Garnier proposed the "industrial city" concept in 1918, dispelling the idea of a city modeled on medieval cities. Influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in England, the German Werkbund was founded in 1907, and it advocated designs based on machine production (mass production and standardization). In parallel with these attempts, Gropius, FL Wright, and Le Corbusier began to influence European architecture in the early 20th century with completely new forms based on rationality and functionality. … From [Design]...The Vienna Secession, especially the Wiener Werkstätte founded in 1903 by architect J. Hoffmann, emphasized functionality and the rationality of straight lines, and aimed to create new modern forms in the fields of architecture and crafts, but they were still limited to the realm of decorative arts. The idea of modern design, which abandoned decorativeness and was based on productivism and functionalism, emerged with the founding of the German Werkbund (1907, Munich) by architect Hermann Muthesius (1861-1927), who derived functionalism from a survey of British housing, and the consistent activities of P. Behrens at the AEG Electric Company, which spanned architecture, industrial products, advertising, and more, as well as the passionate discourse of A. Loos, who, after coming into contact with the vibrant industrial society of America, keenly felt the cultural lag of Europe ("ornament is a sin"). From [Behrens]...At that time, Gropius and Ludwig van der Rohe were in the office, and Le Corbusier also visited and was influenced by him. He also worked with Hermann Muthesius (1861-1927) as a leader of the Deutscher Werkbund (founded in Munich in 1907) and contributed to the promotion of architecture and crafts. After the war, he taught at academies in Berlin and Vienna, and changed his style from expressionist works such as the IG Dye Company offices (1924) to International Style buildings such as the office building on Alexanderplatz in Berlin (1931). ... *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Deutscher Werkbund" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…都市のイメージに対しても,1918年T.ガルニエが〈工業都市〉案を提出し,中世都市をモデルとする都市理念を払拭した。イギリスのアーツ・アンド・クラフツ・ムーブメントの影響を受けて1907年ドイツ工作連盟Deutscher Werkbundが設立され,ここでは機械生産(大量生産と規格化)を前提としたデザインが提唱されてゆく。これらの試みと並行して,20世紀初頭にグロピウス,F.L.ライト,ル・コルビュジエが,合理性と機能性に基づく完全に新しい造形によってヨーロッパ建築に影響を与えるようになる。… 【デザイン】より…またウィーンのゼツェッシオン(分離派),とくに建築家J.ホフマンらを中心に1903年設立されたウィーン工房は,機能性と直線の合理性を強調し,建築と工芸各分野で近代の新しい造型を目ざしたが,いまだ装飾芸術の範囲にとどまっていた。装飾性を切り捨て,生産主義,機能主義に立つ近代デザインの思想が現れてくるのは,イギリスの住宅の調査から機能主義をひきだした建築家ムテジウスHermann Muthesius(1861‐1927)によるドイツ工作連盟Deutscher Werkbundの設立(1907。ミュンヘン),そのころからはじまるP.ベーレンスのAEG電機会社での建築,工業製品,広告などにわたる一貫した活動,さらにアメリカの生き生きした産業社会に触れてヨーロッパの文化的遅滞を痛感したA.ロースの激しい言説(〈装飾は罪である〉。… 【ベーレンス】より…このころ,事務所にグロピウス,ミース・ファン・デル・ローエがおり,ル・コルビュジエも訪ね来たり彼の影響を受ける。またムテジウスHermann Muthesius(1861‐1927)とともにドイツ工作連盟Deutscher Werkbund(1907ミュンヘンで設立)の指導者として建築,工芸の振興に尽くす。大戦後はベルリンとウィーンのアカデミーで教壇に立つかたわら,IG染料会社事務所(1924)のような表現主義的作品から,ベルリンのアレクサンダー広場の事務所ビル(1931)のような国際様式建築へと作風を変えていった。… ※「Deutscher Werkbund」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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