Doors and windows - Tategu

Japanese: 建具 - たてぐ
Doors and windows - Tategu

A fastener used to secure a room together, such as a door or shoji screen, or to open and close an opening.

In Japan, a swinging door made of a single board, discovered at a Yayoi period ruin, is probably the oldest door found as a fixture. During the Kofun period, a haniwa shop with bearings for an inward-opening door was discovered at the Misono ruins, and a push-up style door fixture can be seen in a pit dwelling depicted on a mirror with a house motif unearthed at the Samida Takarazuka Tomb, and in a pit dwelling-shaped ornament attached to the hilt of a sword unearthed at the Todaijiyama Tomb. During the Asuka and Nara periods, swinging doors were used in homes, temples, and shrines. At the Golden Hall of Horyuji Temple, an outward-opening door with a shaft carved out of a single board, as in the Yayoi period, was found, and it is believed that doors carved out of a single board were widely used up until this period. From the Nara period onwards, door structure changed, and inwards-opening doors made of narrow planks pressed together and with a horizontal bar on the back were used in the Kondo (Golden Hall) of Toshodaiji Temple, while doors with vertical boards nailed to both sides of the horizontal bar and edge brackets attached to the top and bottom, or doors with vertical boards fastened with edge brackets, were also widely used from the Nara period through to the Heian period. In addition to swinging doors, during the Heian period, shitomido (sliding doors) were used, which are hung inwards or outwards from the top. Shitomido doors are often made of boards with lattices on the front and the inside decorated with paintings.

From the middle of the Heian period onwards, sliding doors using thresholds and lintels like shoji and lattices began to be used as fittings. There were various types of shoji, such as fusuma shoji, karakami shoji and akari shoji, depending on the structure and the material pasted on the surface. In the Kamakura period, Sankarado was introduced to Japan along with Karayo and Tenjikuyo, new architectural styles introduced from the continent. Sankarado, which were used as swing doors, were constructed with boards fitted into a frame and were lighter than the wooden doors used up until the Heian period. Until the Heian period, board doors were attached to a structural material called nageshi, but in the case of Sankarado, a bearing called waraza is nailed to the nuki. These Sankarado are mainly used in temple architecture. From the end of the Heian period, three-panel sliding doors, consisting of two yarido (also called mairado), which are wooden doors with horizontal bars on the front, sliding between each pair of pillars, and one light-colored shoji screen, were widely used as exterior fittings. In addition, cedar doors made of relatively thin cedar boards with frames came to be used mainly on the entrance side. Around the Muromachi period, waist-high shoji screens with light-colored shoji screens and waistboards, and high-waisted shoji screens with a lower half that is a yarido and narrower spacing between the vertical bars of the upper shoji screen appeared.

Sliding and hinged doors with a clay surface and finished with lacquer are used in storehouses, castles, and storehouse-style townhouses for fire prevention purposes.

Wooden doors called amato have been used since the Momoyama period to protect buildings that are not used often. In small buildings such as teahouses, these amato are hung on the eaves, while in larger buildings they are fitted between temporary pillars under the eaves or set up as sliding doors. In the Edo period, sliding amato shutters that are stored in a door pocket and have a single threshold and lintel, as seen on the south and west sides of the Ninomaru Ohiroma of Nijo Castle, began to be used. On the front of town houses, amato shutters are usually dropped horizontally between pillars set up every other ken, then pulled up and stored above the lintel. In addition, in the early modern period, shoji screens hung on the inside of windows, and shoji and fusuma screens with a kendon structure were also used, and although it is unclear when they began to be used, hinged doors with small elbow holes are also used for toilet doors and the like.

Outside of Japan, hinged doors are the norm, but sash and pivot windows are becoming more common. Sliding doors are rarely used, and even if they do exist, they are almost always hung from above.

In modern times, various styles of fittings have been devised using metal. Broadly classified based on the movement of the door, they can be divided into parallel movement and rotating types, and combinations of the two can also be seen. Parallel movement types include Japanese shoji screens, glass doors, and sash windows, while rotating types are mainly Western-style doors and windows. Combinations include sliding windows and accordion doors. There are also types that roll up like shutters. Doors are also made to be airtight or soundproof for a variety of purposes.

[Hirai Sei]

[Reference] | Shimo | Shoji | Door
Joinery (example of a medieval house)
©Minoru Sugai

Joinery (example of a medieval house)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

戸・障子など部屋をくぎるためあるいは開口部を開閉するために設けるもの。

 日本では弥生(やよい)時代の遺跡から発見されている一枚板でできた開き戸が、建具として発見されているもっとも古いものであろう。古墳時代になると、内開きの開き戸をつけていた軸受を残している埴輪屋(はにわや)が美園遺跡から発見されているほかに、佐味田宝塚古墳出土の家屋文鏡に描かれた竪穴(たてあな)住居や、東大寺山古墳出土の剣の柄(つか)につけられた竪穴住居形の飾りに、突き上げる形式の建具がみられる。飛鳥(あすか)時代・奈良時代には、住宅、寺院、神社いずれも開き戸が使われていた。法隆寺金堂では、弥生時代同様に一枚板から軸を削り出した外開きの戸がみられ、この時代まで一枚板から削り出したものが広く使われていたと考えられる。続く奈良時代以降、扉の構造に変化がみられ、唐招提寺(とうしょうだいじ)金堂では幅の狭い板を寄せ裏に横桟のある内開きの戸が使われ、また、横桟の両面から縦板を打ち、上下に端喰をつけた開き戸や竪板を端喰で留めた開き戸も、奈良時代から平安時代にかけて広く使われている。平安時代には開き戸のほかに、上部を吊(つ)り元として内または外へ吊り上げる蔀戸(しとみど)が使われている。蔀戸は板の表に格子を打ち内側は絵などで飾ることが多い。

 平安時代の中ごろ以降、建具としての障子や格子のように敷居と鴨居(かもい)を用いた引き戸が使われるようになる。障子には構造や表面に貼(は)る材料によって衾(ふすま)障子、唐紙(からかみ)障子、明(あかり)障子などの種類があった。鎌倉時代には新たに大陸から伝えられた建築様式である唐様(からよう)や天竺様(てんじくよう)とともに桟唐戸(さんからど)が伝来した。開き戸として使われた桟唐戸は、枠を組んだ中に板をはめた構造で、平安時代までの板扉に比べて軽量であった。平安時代までは、板扉は構造材である長押(なげし)に取り付けられていたが、桟唐戸の場合には藁座(わらざ)とよばれる軸受を貫(ぬき)に打ち付けている。この桟唐戸はおもに寺院建築に使われている。平安時代の末から、外回りの建具として、柱間(はしらま)ごとに表に横桟のある板戸である遣戸(やりど)(舞良戸(まいらど)ともいう)二枚を引き違いに用い、明障子一枚と組み合わせた三枚引きが広く用いられている。そのほかに比較的薄い杉板に框(かまち)をつけた杉戸が、主として入側の区画に使われるようになった。室町時代ころには、明障子に腰板のついた腰障子や、下半分が遣戸となり上の障子の縦桟の間隔が狭くなった腰高障子などが現れた。

 表面に土を塗り漆食(しっくい)で仕上げた引き戸や開き戸が防火の目的で土蔵・城および土蔵造の町家で使われている。

 普段あまり使わない建物を保護するために、雨戸とよばれた板戸が桃山時代ころから使われている。この雨戸は、茶室のような小さな建物では軒にかけ、大きな建物では軒下に仮設した柱の間にはめ込んだり引き違いに立てたりしている。江戸時代に入ると、二条城の二の丸大広間の南および西面にみられるような、戸袋に収納され一筋の敷居、鴨居を用いる引き通しの雨戸が使われるようになる。町家の表の場合には、雨戸は一間おきに立てられた柱の間に横に落とし込まれ、上に引き上げられて鴨居の上に収納されるのが普通である。そのほか、近世には、窓の内にかける障子や、けんどんの構造をもった障子やふすまも使われ、さらに、いつごろから使われるようになったかわからないが、便所の扉などに小さな肘壺(ひじつぼ)を用いた開き戸も使われている。

 日本以外の地域では、開き戸が主流であるが、比較的新しく上げ下げ窓や回転窓が使われるようになっている。引き戸はほとんど使われず、あってもほとんどが上で吊る構造である。

 近代になると、金属を使ってさまざまな形式の建具が考案された。戸の動きから大きく分類すると、平行に移動する形式と回転する形式に分けられ、その組合せもみられる。平行移動形式には日本の障子・ガラス戸などと上げ下げ窓などがあり、回転形式は欧米式のドアや窓がおもなものである。組合せには、滑り出し窓、アコーディオンドアなどがある。そのほかシャッターのように上に巻き上げる形式もある。また、さまざまな目的から気密性をもたせたもの、遮音が要求されるものもつくられている。

[平井 聖]

[参照項目] | | 障子 |
建具(中世の住宅の例)
©須貝 稔">

建具(中世の住宅の例)


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