Symmetrical equation

Japanese: 対称式 - たいしょうしき
Symmetrical equation

Polynomials in two or more n variables X 1 , …, X n

For any i and j such that 1≦ ijn , even if X i and X j appearing in f are replaced by other ones, the polynomial does not change, that is, f ( X 1 ,……, X i ,……
, Xj ,……, Xn )
= f ( X 1 ,……, X j ,……
, X i ,……, X n )
When , f is called a symmetric equation.


is a symmetric formula. Furthermore, any symmetric formula of n variables can be expressed as a polynomial of these n symmetric formulas S 1 , …, S n . In this sense, S 1 , …, S n are called elementary symmetric formulas of n variables. For example, an elementary symmetric formula of three variables is
S1 = X1 + X2 + X3 ,
S 2 = X 1 X 2 + X 1 X 3 + X 2 X 3 ,
S3 = X1 X2 X3
So , X12 + X22 + X32 = S12 -2S2
It becomes.

A symmetric formula f in n variables is such that for any permutation σ of 1, 2, …, n ,
f ( X σ(1) , X σ(2) ,……, X σ(n) )
= f ( X 1 , X 2 ,……, X n )
To show that polynomial f is symmetric, replace X i and X i +1 with each other for i = 1, 2, …, n -1 and verify that the result remains unchanged.

If the roots of the polynomial f ( X ) = X n + a 1 X n -1 +……+ a n -1 X + a n are α 1 , …, α n , then the relationship between the roots and the coefficients is a j =(-1) j S j1 ,……,α n )
( j =1,……, n )
Thus, the symmetric formula is widely used.

[Tsuneo Kanno]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

2個以上のn個の変数X1、……、Xnの多項式

が、任意の1≦ijnなるijに対し、fに現れるXiXjを互いに他と置き換えても、多項式として変わらないとき、つまり
  f(X1,……,Xi,……
   ,Xj,……,Xn)
   =f(X1,……,Xj,……
   ,Xi,……,Xn)
のとき、fを対称式という。


は、対称式である。さらに、任意のn変数の対称式は、これらn個の対称式S1、……、Snの多項式で表される。この意味で、S1、……、Snn変数の基本対称式という。たとえば、三変数の基本対称式は、
  S1=X1+X2+X3,
  S2=X1X2+X1X3+X2X3,
  S3=X1X2X3
で、X12+X22+X32=S12-2S2
となる。

 n変数の対称式fは、1、2、……、nの任意の置換σに対し、
  f(Xσ(1),Xσ(2),……,Xσ(n))
   =f(X1,X2,……,Xn)
を満たす。また、多項式fが対称式であることを示すには、i=1,2,……,n-1に対し、XiXi+1を互いに他と置き換えて、変わらないことを確かめればよい。

 多項式f(X)=Xn+a1Xn-1+……+an-1X+anの根をα1、……、αnとすると、いわゆる根と係数との関係式
  aj=(-1)jSj1,……,αn)
   (j=1,……,n)
が成り立つ。このように、対称式は広く応用されている。

[菅野恒雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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