Sée, Henri Eugène

Japanese: セー(英語表記)Sée, Henri Eugène
Sée, Henri Eugène
Born: September 6, 1864, Saint-Briss, near Paris
[died] March 10, 1936. Rennes. French economic historian. He studied history at the Sorbonne, and for 36 years at the University of Rennes, he studied French social and economic history from the Middle Ages to the early modern period and then to World War I, and held the position of professor. After receiving his doctorate with Louis XI et les villes (1892), he published a series of studies on medieval economic history, including Les classes rurales en Bretagne au moyen âge (96) and Les classes rurales et le régime domanial en France au moyen âge (1901). However, he gradually shifted his interest to modern times, and produced many works, including L'Évolution commerciale et industrielle de la France sous l'Ancien Régime (25). His later works, Les origines du capitalisme moderne (26), Esquisse d'une histoire economique et sociale et la France depuis les origines jusqu'á la guerre mondiale (29), and Französische Wirtschftsgeschichte (2 volumes, 30-36), are still considered basic documents of French economic history today. They are notable for their emphasis on the role of commercial capital in the process of the establishment of capitalism.

S
Say, Jean-Baptiste

Born: January 5, 1767, Lyon
Died November 15, 1832. Paris French economist. After working as an insurance company clerk and magazine editor, he became a member of the legal committee of the Napoleonic government in 1799, but resigned when his 1803 book Traité d'économie politique (Discourse on Economics) clashed with Napoleon's financial policy. He then ran a spinning company, but returned to academia after Napoleon's downfall and became a professor at the Collège de France in 1830. He inherited and refined the theories of A. Smith and introduced them to France. To summarize his theories, first, he established the three factors of production theory, which states that the production of wealth, or utility, requires the combination of three factors: labor, nature, and capital. Secondly, he broadened the scope of wealth and said that production means the creation or increase of utility. Thirdly, he made a clear distinction between capitalists (those who earn interest) and entrepreneurs who obtain profits by taking risks or innovating technology, and he placed importance on the existence of entrepreneurs. Fourth, he proposed the famous market theory (Say's law). This theory theoretically denied the existence of general overproduction and general recession, stating that the market for a product is determined by the product itself, i.e., that products are exchanged for other products, and that supply inevitably creates an equal amount of demand. This market theory had a great influence on economics thereafter.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1864.9.6. パリ近郊サンブリス
[没]1936.3.10. レンヌ
フランスの経済史学者。ソルボンヌ大学で歴史学を学び,レンヌ大学で 36年間,中世から近世初頭,次いで第1次世界大戦までのフランス社会経済史を研究し,教授の地位にあった。『ルイ 11世と諸都市』 Louis XI et les villes (1892) で学位を得たのち,相次いで『中世ブルターニュにおける農村諸階級』 Les classes rurales en Bretagne au moyen âge (96) ,『中世フランスの農村諸階級と荘園制度』 Les classes rurales et le régime domanial en France au moyen âge (1901) など中世経済史の研究を発表したが,次第に近代に関心を移し,『旧制度フランスにおける商工業の展開』L'Évolution commerciale et industrielle de la France sous l'Ancien Régime (25) など多くの業績を残した。晩年の著書『近代資本主義の起源』 Les origines du capitalisme moderne (26) ,『フランス社会経済史概説』 Esquisse d'une histoire économique et sociale et la France depuis les origines jusqu'á la guerre mondiale (29) ,『フランス経済史』 Französische Wirtschftsgeschichte (2巻,30~36) は今日もフランス経済史の基本文献とされている。資本主義成立過程における商業資本の役割を重視する点に特徴がある。

セー
Say, Jean-Baptiste

[生]1767.1.5. リヨン
[没]1832.11.15. パリ
フランスの経済学者。保険会社員,雑誌編集者を経て,1799年ナポレオン執政政府の法制委員会の委員となったが,1803年の著書『経済学概論』 Traité d'économie politiqueがナポレオンの財政政策と衝突して辞職。その後は紡績業を経営していたがナポレオンの失脚後学界に復帰し,30年にコレージュ・ド・フランスの教授となった。 A.スミスの学説を継承,整備してフランスに導入した。その学説を要約すると,まず第1に富すなわち効用の生産にあたっては労働,自然,資本の3要素が結合しなければならないとする3生産要素説を確立した。第2に富の範囲を広げ生産とは効用の創造または増大を意味するとした。第3に資本家 (利子取得者) と危険負担や技術革新によって利潤を取得する企業家とを峻別し,企業家の存在を重視した。第4に有名な販路説 (セーの法則 ) を唱えた。これは生産物の販路は生産物によって決る,すなわち生産物は生産物と交換され,供給は必然的に等量の需要を生み出すとして一般的生産過剰,一般的不況を理論的に否定した。この販路説は以後の経済学に大きな影響を与えた。

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