Mental development stops and moves in the opposite direction. In general, it refers to the reversion of organized and differentiated behavior and expression to an immature developmental stage, becoming infantile. For example, when encountering a difficult situation to solve, one loses personal independence and becomes dependent. In psychoanalysis, when a person stumbles in psychosexual development, development partially stops, and a fixed point remains, the person regresses to the fixed stage when exposed to strong frustration. In hysteria, psychosexual development regresses to the infantile phallic stage (Oedipus stage), and in obsessive-compulsive disorder, it regresses to the anal stage. In this sense, regression is considered to be pathological and not desirable, but regression with a positive meaning can also be considered. For example, as shown by Köhler's research on detours in Gestalt psychology, temporary regression is considered necessary for creative activity, just as taking a step back and thinking when faced with a difficult problem can lead to problem solving. This kind of healthy regression is called regression under ego control or creative regression. This is not a regression in the developmental sense, but rather a regression in the spatial sense of psychoanalysis. Generally, psychological tension is released through a motor reaction, but this is blocked, and instead of an external motor reaction, internal imagination and fantasy arise. This imagination and fantasy have creative significance. [Daisaku Tonobayashi and Masamichi Kawabata] "Ernst Kris, translated by Baba Reiko, Psychoanalytic Studies of Art (1976, Iwasaki Academic Press)" ▽ "Michael Balint, translated by Nakai Hisao, Regression from a Therapeutic Perspective: Psychoanalysis of Base Deficiency (1978, Kongo Publishing)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
精神発達が止まり、逆の方向に進むこと。一般的には、組織化され分化した行動や表現が未成熟な発達段階に逆戻りすることで、幼児的になることをいう。たとえば、解決困難な状況に遭遇したとき人格的な独立性を失い、依存的になることなどである。精神分析では、性心理的発達につまずき、発達が部分的に停止し、そこに固着点が残されると、強いフラストレーションにさらされたときなどに、固着した段階に退行するといわれる。ヒステリーは性心理的発達が幼児的な男根期(エディプス期)に逆戻りし、強迫神経症では肛門(こうもん)期に逆戻りしていると考えられる。この意味では退行は好ましいものではなく病的なものと考えられるが、これと反対に積極的な意味をもつ退行も考えられる。たとえば、ゲシュタルト心理学のケーラーの回り道の研究が示しているように、困難な問題に直面したとき一歩退いて考えると問題解決につながるように、一時的に退行することは創造的活動には必要であると考えられる。こうした健康な退行は、自我のコントロールの下での退行とか創造的退行といわれる。これは発達的な意味での退行でなく、精神分析でいう場所論的な退行である。一般に心理的緊張は運動反応で解放されるが、これが阻止され、外的な運動反応にかわって内的な想像や空想がおきるからである。この想像、空想が創造的意義をもつのである。 [外林大作・川幡政道] 『エルンスト・クリス著、馬場礼子訳『芸術の精神分析的研究』(1976・岩崎学術出版社)』▽『マイクル・バリント著、中井久夫訳『治療論からみた退行――基底欠損の精神分析』(1978・金剛出版)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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