Anti-French Coalition - Taifutsu Daidomei (English: Coalition) French

Japanese: 対仏大同盟 - たいふつだいどうめい（英語表記）Coalition フランス語

The name refers to the military alliance that opposed Napoleon, based on the International League of European princes who were hostile to the French Revolution. It is also called the Grand European Alliance.

[Makoto Kanazawa]

1st

Following the execution of Louis XVI, in the spring of 1793, Britain and Spain intervened in revolutionary France, and Austria and Prussia, which had been fighting France since the previous year, were joined by the Netherlands, Naples, Sardinia, and other nations to form the Alliance, at the suggestion of British Prime Minister Pitt the Younger. Surrounded by the Grand Alliance, France struggled on all its borders from the fall of 1793 to the winter of 1794, gradually recovering from its decline and celebrating the victory of Fleurus. Meanwhile, the Grand Alliance was unable to unite due to various circumstances and interests surrounding the partition of Poland, and Prussia was the first to drop out in 1795. Spain also made a peace treaty with France. The Netherlands then became a French province, and in 1797 Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio, effectively destroying the alliance.

[Makoto Kanazawa]

2nd session

British Prime Minister Pitt, unable to ignore Napoleon's Egyptian campaign in 1799, proposed another alliance, bringing Austria, Russia, Turkey, the Two Sicilies, and Portugal on his side (Prussia remained neutral). However, thanks to Napoleon's valiant efforts, when Austria signed the Treaty of Luneville in 1801, all countries except Britain withdrew from the alliance, and Britain, which remained, signed the Peace of Amiens in 1802.

[Makoto Kanazawa]

3rd

It was formed in 1805 between Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. At the end of the same year, Napoleon won the Battle of Austerlitz, leading to the Treaty of Pressburg, at which point the alliance was dissolved.

[Makoto Kanazawa]

4th

It was formed in 1806 between Russia, Prussia, Great Britain and Sweden. Prussia was defeated by Napoleon at the Battle of Jena and the alliance was dissolved in 1807 with the Treaty of Tilsit.

[Makoto Kanazawa]

5th

In 1806, in opposition to Napoleon's Continental Blockade, Austria and Sweden joined the alliance at the suggestion of British Foreign Secretary Canning. However, the alliance was dissolved when Austria was defeated in the Battle of Wagram and signed the Treaty of Schonburg.

[Makoto Kanazawa]

6th

The Alliance was formed in 1813 after news of the failure of Napoleon's invasion of Russia spread among almost all European countries, mainly Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain. The allied forces entered Paris and succeeded in forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814.

[Makoto Kanazawa]

7th

It was formed in March 1815, following Napoleon's escape from Elba, and defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo, leaving him unable to recover.

[Makoto Kanazawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス革命を敵視するヨーロッパ諸君侯の反革命国際リーグを根幹に、ナポレオンに敵対する軍事同盟をあわせて、この名でよぶ。欧州大同盟ともいう。

［金澤　誠］

第1回

ルイ16世の処刑を機に、1793年春にイギリス、スペインが革命フランスに干渉し、前年来すでにフランスと戦っていたオーストリア、プロイセンをあわせ、さらにオランダ、ナポリ、サルデーニャなどを加え、イギリス首相ピット（小）の提唱により結成された。大同盟の包囲を受け、フランスは93年秋から94年の冬にかけ、全国境で悪戦苦闘を重ねつつ、しだいに退勢を挽回(ばんかい)し、フルーリュスの勝利を飾ったのに反し、大同盟側は、ポーランド分割をめぐる諸状況や利害関係のため足並みがそろわず、95年にはプロイセンがまず脱落。スペインもフランスと和約した。そしてオランダはフランスの属領と化し、97年オーストリアもカンポ・フォルミオ条約を締結し、事実上同盟は瓦解(がかい)した。

［金澤　誠］

第2回

1799年ナポレオンのエジプト遠征を看過しえぬイギリス首相ピットは、重ねて同盟を発案し、オーストリア、ロシア、トルコ、両シチリア、ポルトガルを味方に引き入れた（プロイセンは中立）。だが、ナポレオンの奮戦で、オーストリアが1801年にリュネビルの和約を結ぶと、イギリス以外の諸国が脱退し、残るイギリスも1802年にアミアンの講和に調印した。

［金澤　誠］