Karst topography - Karst

Japanese: カルスト地形 - かるすとちけい
Karst topography - Karst

A general term for the special erosion (dissolution erosion) landforms that develop in limestone regions. The name comes from the fact that they are widely distributed in the karst region of northwestern Slovenia. This refers to special landforms such as limestone caves, dolines, uvares, poljes, and karenfelds that are formed when calcium carbonate, the main component of limestone, is dissolved in rainwater or groundwater that contains carbon dioxide.

Karst topography caused by dissolution is difficult to develop in cold, dry regions where the limestone layer is thin. In areas with a moderate amount of precipitation, rain penetrates into the cracks in the limestone and gradually dissolves, creating water channels in all directions underground. From this point on, a series of systematic dissolution processes that lead to karst topography changes can be seen, and this is called karst cycle.

[Mitsui Yoshio]

Karst cycle

If the topography of a limestone region before erosion began is considered the original topography, then the childhood stage is when cracks in the limestone are eroded, the tops of which collapse and circular depressions called dolines form on the surface. As dolines develop, they join with adjacent dolines to form large depressions called uvalles, and as the depressions expand further, they become poljes. As erosion progresses further, many grooves appear on the limestone surface, and as these develop, the Cullenveld forms. This is the adult stage. As erosion progresses further, a cone-shaped, hilly topography called a cockpit is formed, but these residual hills eventually lower and become a gently undulating area that continues onto the basin floor. This state is the old stage.

The bottoms of dolines, uvalles, and poljes are covered with fertile soil called terra rossa, which is widely used for farmland and settlements. Karst topography is widely distributed overseas, such as in the Balkan Peninsula and Yunnan Province in China. There are few large karst topography in Japan, but they are developed in Akiyoshidai, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Hiraodai, Fukuoka Prefecture, Taishakudai, Hiroshima Prefecture, and Onogahara, Ehime Prefecture.

[Mitsui Yoshio]

[Reference] | Corrosion
Karst cycle
©Shogakukan ">

Karst cycle

Akiyoshidai
Karenfeld. Akiyoshidai Quasi-National Park. Nationally designated special natural monument. Mine City, Yamaguchi Prefecture. ©Fam. Kanagawa .

Akiyoshidai

Hiraodai
Kitakyushu Quasi-National Park Area. Nationally designated natural monument. Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture. © Fukuoka Prefecture Tourism Federation .

Hiraodai

Onogahara
Genjigadama on the Ehime side. Seiyo City, Ehime Prefecture / Yusuhara Town, Takaoka District, Kochi Prefecture © Ehime Prefecture Tourism and Products Association

Onogahara


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

石灰岩地域に発達する特殊な侵食(溶解侵食=溶食)地形の総称。この名称は、スロベニア北西部カルスト地方に多く分布することに由来する。これは、石灰岩の主成分である炭酸カルシウムが、炭酸ガスを含んだ雨水や地下水に溶解されてつくられる、鍾乳洞(しょうにゅうどう)、ドリーネ、ウバーレ、ポリエ、カレンフェルトなどの特殊な地形のことをいう。

 溶食を原因とするカルスト地形は、石灰岩層が薄かったり、寒冷で乾燥した地域においては発達しがたい。適度に降水量のある地域では、雨が石灰岩中の割れ目に浸透してしだいに溶解し、地中に水の通路を縦横につくる。このときからカルスト地形の一連の系統的な溶食過程を経た地形変化がみられるが、これをカルスト輪廻(りんね)という。

[三井嘉都夫]

カルスト輪廻

石灰岩地域で溶食が始まる以前の地形を原地形とすると、石灰岩中の割れ目の部分が溶食され、その上部が陥没して表面にドリーネとよばれる円形の凹地(おうち)が形成される時期が幼年期である。ドリーネが発達して隣接するドリーネを結合して大きな凹地のウバーレをつくり、さらに凹地が拡大するとポリエとなる。さらに溶食が進むと石灰岩の表面に多くの溝(みぞ)が生じ、これが発達するとカレンフェルトができる。ここまでが壮年期である。なおも溶食が進むと錐(きり)形にとがった丘陵状の地形コックピットがつくられるが、これらの残丘群もやがては低まり、盆地床に続くなだらかな起伏地となる。このような状態が老年期である。

 ドリーネ、ウバーレ、ポリエなどの底部は肥沃(ひよく)なテラロッサとよばれる土壌で覆われ、耕地や集落に多く利用されている。カルスト地形は、外国ではバルカン半島、中国の雲南省などに多く分布している。日本では広大なカルスト地形は乏しいが、山口県秋吉台、福岡県平尾台、広島県帝釈(たいしゃく)台、愛媛県大野ヶ原などに発達している。

[三井嘉都夫]

[参照項目] | 溶食
カルスト輪廻
©Shogakukan">

カルスト輪廻

秋吉台
カレンフェルト。秋吉台国定公園域。国指定特別天然記念物 山口県美祢市©Fam. Kanagawa">

秋吉台

平尾台
北九州国定公園域。国指定天然記念物 福岡県北九州市©公益社団法人福岡県観光連盟">

平尾台

大野ヶ原
愛媛県側の源氏ヶ駄馬。愛媛県西予市/高知県高岡郡檮原町©一般社団法人愛媛県観光物産協会">

大野ヶ原


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