The relative relationship between the growth of an organism as a whole and the growth of its parts (organs), or between body weight and body length (height). It is also called non-proportional growth. Growth determines not only the size of an organism but also its shape. In other words, if one part grows faster than the other parts, the proportions of the body change, and so does its shape. This problem began in British biologist W. D'Arcy Thompson's book On Growth and Form (1917), and from the 1920s British biologist J.S. Huxley and French zoologist G. Teissier each independently developed the theory, proposing the allometric formula y = bxα (alpha). y is the size of a part, and x can represent other parts or the whole body excluding those parts, or the whole body. b and α are constants, with b being the initial growth constant and α being the relative growth constant. When the growth rate of a part is the same as that of the whole body, α = 1, and it is called isogrowth. Uneven growth can be distinguished between superior growth (α>1) and inferior growth (α<1). Although there are various problems in applying this formula, it is usually shown as a double logarithmic graph, and is widely used since it approximately applies to many cases. The inflection points and bends in the line on this graph indicate changes in the growth pattern of an individual. British biochemist J. Needham showed (1934) that this formula can also be applied to the increase in the weight of a chemical substance relative to body weight. Furthermore, allometric growth is also applied to the study of morphological changes that accompany the evolution of different species, and is called phylogenetic allometry or allomorphosis to distinguish it from ontogenetic allometry. [Azuma Mikio] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物体の全体の成長と部分(器官)の成長、あるいは体重と体長(身長)のような成長に関する相対的な関係のこと。非比例的成長ともよばれる。成長は生物の大きさだけでなく形をも規定する。すなわち、ある部分の成長速度がほかの部分より速いと、体のプロポーションが変わり、形が変化する。この問題はイギリスの生物学者トムソンW. D'Arcy Thompsonの著書『成長とかたち』On Growth and Form(1917)に始まり、1920年代よりイギリスの生物学者J・S・ハクスリーやフランスの動物学者テシエG. Teissierがそれぞれ独自に発展させ、アロメトリーの式y=bxα(アルファ)を提唱した。yは部分の大きさ、xはほかの部分またはその部分を除いた残り全部、あるいは全体を表す場合もある。bとαは定数で、bは初成長定数、αは相対成長定数。ある部分の成長速度が体全体のそれと同じ場合α=1で等成長という。不等成長にはα>1の優成長とα<1の劣成長が区別される。 この式の適用には種々の問題があるが、普通、両辺対数のグラフで表され、近似的には多くの場合に当てはまるので広く用いられる。このグラフにおける直線の屈折や変曲点は、個体の成長の様相に変化が生じていることを示す。イギリスの生化学者J・ニーダムによって、化学物質の重量の体重に対する増加などにもこの式が適用できることが示された(1934)。さらに相対成長は異種間の進化に伴う形態変化の研究にも適用され、個体発生的アロメトリーと区別して、系統発生的アロメトリーまたはアロモルフォシスaromorphosisとよばれる。 [東 幹夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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